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Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Oct 19; 10(10)V

Abstract

The incidence and death toll due to SARS-CoV-2 infection varied time-to-time; and depended on several factors, including severity (viral load), immune status, age, gender, vaccination status, and presence of comorbidities. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 has mutated and produced several variants, which were classified by the SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group (SIG) into four major categories. The first category; “Variant Being Monitored (VBM)”, consists of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Epsilon (B.1.427, B.1.429), Eta (B.1.525), Iota (B.1.526), Kappa (B.1.617.1), Mu (B.1.621), and Zeta (P.2); the second category; “Variants of Concern” consists of Omicron (B.1.1.529). The third and fourth categories include “Variants of Interest (VOI)”, and “Variants of High Consequence (VOHC)”, respectively, and contain no variants classified currently under these categories. The surge in VBM and VOC poses a significant threat to public health globally as they exhibit altered virulence, transmissibility, diagnostic or therapeutic escape, and the ability to evade the host immune response. Studies have shown that certain mutations increase the infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus as demonstrated in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the Omicron variant. It is reported that the Omicron variant has >60 mutations with at least 30 mutations in the Spike protein (“S” protein) and 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), resulting in rapid attachment to target cells and immune evasion. The spread of VBM and VOCs has affected the actual protective efficacy of the first-generation vaccines (ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2). Currently, the data on the effectiveness of existing vaccines against newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 are very scanty; hence additional studies are immediately warranted. To this end, recent studies have initiated investigations to elucidate the structural features of crucial proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their involvement in pathogenesis. In addition, intense research is in progress to develop better preventive and therapeutic strategies to halt the spread of COVID-19 caused by variants. This review summarizes the structure and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, provides background information on several variants of SARS-CoV-2 and mutations associated with these variants, and reviews recent studies on the safety and efficacy of major vaccines/vaccine candidates approved against SARS-CoV-2, and its variants.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Tulimilli SV
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570004, Karnataka, India.
Dallavalasa S
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570004, Karnataka, India.
Basavaraju CG
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570004, Karnataka, India.
Kumar Rao V
Department of Medical Genetics, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India.
Chikkahonnaiah P
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru 570001, Karnataka, India.
Madhunapantula SV
Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory (DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570004, Karnataka, India. Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570004, Karnataka, India.
Veeranna RP
Department of Biochemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India.

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

36298616

Citation

Tulimilli, SubbaRao V., et al. "Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness." Vaccines, vol. 10, no. 10, 2022.
Tulimilli SV, Dallavalasa S, Basavaraju CG, et al. Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(10).
Tulimilli, S. V., Dallavalasa, S., Basavaraju, C. G., Kumar Rao, V., Chikkahonnaiah, P., Madhunapantula, S. V., & Veeranna, R. P. (2022). Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101751
Tulimilli SV, et al. Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Oct 19;10(10) PubMed PMID: 36298616.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Vaccine Effectiveness. AU - Tulimilli,SubbaRao V, AU - Dallavalasa,Siva, AU - Basavaraju,Chaithanya G, AU - Kumar Rao,Vinay, AU - Chikkahonnaiah,Prashanth, AU - Madhunapantula,SubbaRao V, AU - Veeranna,Ravindra P, Y1 - 2022/10/19/ PY - 2022/07/02/received PY - 2022/10/07/revised PY - 2022/10/14/accepted PY - 2022/10/27/entrez PY - 2022/10/28/pubmed PY - 2022/10/28/medline KW - COVID-19 KW - Omicron KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - Variants Being Monitored KW - Variants of Concern KW - Variants of High Consequence KW - delta KW - vaccine efficacy KW - variants of interest JF - Vaccines JO - Vaccines (Basel) VL - 10 IS - 10 N2 - The incidence and death toll due to SARS-CoV-2 infection varied time-to-time; and depended on several factors, including severity (viral load), immune status, age, gender, vaccination status, and presence of comorbidities. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 has mutated and produced several variants, which were classified by the SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group (SIG) into four major categories. The first category; “Variant Being Monitored (VBM)”, consists of Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Epsilon (B.1.427, B.1.429), Eta (B.1.525), Iota (B.1.526), Kappa (B.1.617.1), Mu (B.1.621), and Zeta (P.2); the second category; “Variants of Concern” consists of Omicron (B.1.1.529). The third and fourth categories include “Variants of Interest (VOI)”, and “Variants of High Consequence (VOHC)”, respectively, and contain no variants classified currently under these categories. The surge in VBM and VOC poses a significant threat to public health globally as they exhibit altered virulence, transmissibility, diagnostic or therapeutic escape, and the ability to evade the host immune response. Studies have shown that certain mutations increase the infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus as demonstrated in the case of SARS-CoV-2, the Omicron variant. It is reported that the Omicron variant has >60 mutations with at least 30 mutations in the Spike protein (“S” protein) and 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), resulting in rapid attachment to target cells and immune evasion. The spread of VBM and VOCs has affected the actual protective efficacy of the first-generation vaccines (ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2). Currently, the data on the effectiveness of existing vaccines against newer variants of SARS-CoV-2 are very scanty; hence additional studies are immediately warranted. To this end, recent studies have initiated investigations to elucidate the structural features of crucial proteins of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their involvement in pathogenesis. In addition, intense research is in progress to develop better preventive and therapeutic strategies to halt the spread of COVID-19 caused by variants. This review summarizes the structure and life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, provides background information on several variants of SARS-CoV-2 and mutations associated with these variants, and reviews recent studies on the safety and efficacy of major vaccines/vaccine candidates approved against SARS-CoV-2, and its variants. SN - 2076-393X UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36298616/Variants_of_Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_Coronavirus_2__SARS_CoV_2__and_Vaccine_Effectiveness_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -