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Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis.
J Infect Public Health. 2023 Apr; 16(4):531-541.JI

Abstract

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family of the genus Orthopoxvirus with two different clades known as West African and Congo Basin. Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonosis that arises from the MPXV and causes a smallpox-like disease. The endemic disease status of MPX was updated to an outbreak worldwide in 2022. Thus, the condition was declared a global health emergency independent of travel issues, accounting for the primary reason for its prevalence outside Africa. In addition to identified transmission mediators through animal-to-human and human-to-human, especially sexual transmission among men who have sex with men came to prominence in the 2022 global outbreak. Although the severity and prevalence of the disease differ depending on age and gender, some symptoms are commonly observed. Clinical signs such as fever, muscle and headache pain, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes in defined body regions are standard and an indicator for the first step of diagnosis. By following the clinical signs, laboratory diagnostic tests like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are the most common and accurate diagnostic methods. Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used for symptomatic treatment. There is no MPXV-specific vaccine; however, currently available vaccines against smallpox enhance the immunization rate. This comprehensive review covers the MPX disease history and the current state of knowledge by assessing broad topics and views related to disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genome organization and evolution, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Karagoz A
Quality Assurance Department, Turk Pharmaceutical and Serum Ind. Inc., Ankara, Turkey.
Tombuloglu H
Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: htoglu@iau.edu.sa.
Alsaeed M
Department of Genetics Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia.
Tombuloglu G
Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34221, Saudi Arabia.
AlRubaish AA
College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
Mahmoud A
Department of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt.
Smajlović S
Laboratory Diagnostics Institute Dr. Dedić, Bihać 77000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Ćordić S
Cantonal hospital "Dr. Irfan Ljubijankić", Microbiological laboratory, Bihać 77000, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Rabaan AA
Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition. The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
Alsuhaimi E
Biology Department, College of Science and Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.

MeSH

MaleAnimalsHumansMonkeypox virusMonkeypoxAntiviral AgentsSmallpoxHomosexuality, MaleSexual and Gender Minorities

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

36801633

Citation

Karagoz, Aysel, et al. "Monkeypox (mpox) Virus: Classification, Origin, Transmission, Genome Organization, Antiviral Drugs, and Molecular Diagnosis." Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol. 16, no. 4, 2023, pp. 531-541.
Karagoz A, Tombuloglu H, Alsaeed M, et al. Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(4):531-541.
Karagoz, A., Tombuloglu, H., Alsaeed, M., Tombuloglu, G., AlRubaish, A. A., Mahmoud, A., Smajlović, S., Ćordić, S., Rabaan, A. A., & Alsuhaimi, E. (2023). Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 16(4), 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.003
Karagoz A, et al. Monkeypox (mpox) Virus: Classification, Origin, Transmission, Genome Organization, Antiviral Drugs, and Molecular Diagnosis. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(4):531-541. PubMed PMID: 36801633.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Monkeypox (mpox) virus: Classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis. AU - Karagoz,Aysel, AU - Tombuloglu,Huseyin, AU - Alsaeed,Moneerah, AU - Tombuloglu,Guzin, AU - AlRubaish,Abdullah A, AU - Mahmoud,Amal, AU - Smajlović,Samira, AU - Ćordić,Sabahudin, AU - Rabaan,Ali A, AU - Alsuhaimi,Ebtesam, Y1 - 2023/02/09/ PY - 2022/12/5/received PY - 2023/1/22/revised PY - 2023/2/5/accepted PY - 2023/2/22/pubmed PY - 2023/3/21/medline PY - 2023/2/21/entrez KW - Diagnosis KW - Genome KW - Monkeypox virus KW - Mpox KW - Susceptibility KW - Transmission SP - 531 EP - 541 JF - Journal of infection and public health JO - J Infect Public Health VL - 16 IS - 4 N2 - Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family of the genus Orthopoxvirus with two different clades known as West African and Congo Basin. Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonosis that arises from the MPXV and causes a smallpox-like disease. The endemic disease status of MPX was updated to an outbreak worldwide in 2022. Thus, the condition was declared a global health emergency independent of travel issues, accounting for the primary reason for its prevalence outside Africa. In addition to identified transmission mediators through animal-to-human and human-to-human, especially sexual transmission among men who have sex with men came to prominence in the 2022 global outbreak. Although the severity and prevalence of the disease differ depending on age and gender, some symptoms are commonly observed. Clinical signs such as fever, muscle and headache pain, swollen lymph nodes, and skin rashes in defined body regions are standard and an indicator for the first step of diagnosis. By following the clinical signs, laboratory diagnostic tests like conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are the most common and accurate diagnostic methods. Antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir are used for symptomatic treatment. There is no MPXV-specific vaccine; however, currently available vaccines against smallpox enhance the immunization rate. This comprehensive review covers the MPX disease history and the current state of knowledge by assessing broad topics and views related to disease origin, transmission, epidemiology, severity, genome organization and evolution, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. SN - 1876-035X UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36801633/Monkeypox__mpox__virus:_Classification_origin_transmission_genome_organization_antiviral_drugs_and_molecular_diagnosis_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -