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Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Mar 05; 59(3)M

Abstract

The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants' emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2's structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response.

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Authors+Show Affiliations

Rabaan AA
Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia. Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
Al-Ahmed SH
Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia.
Albayat H
Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia.
Alwarthan S
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia.
Alhajri M
Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia.
Najim MA
Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia.
AlShehail BM
Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Adsani W
Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait City 63537, Kuwait. Department of Infectious Diseases, Hampton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hampton, VA 23667, USA.
Alghadeer A
Department of Anesthesia, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia.
Abduljabbar WA
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia.
Alotaibi N
Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
Alsalman J
Infection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, Bahrain.
Gorab AH
Al Kuzama Primary Health Care Center, Al Khobar Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Al Khobar 34446, Saudi Arabia.
Almaghrabi RS
Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
Zaidan AA
Gastroenterology Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23831, Saudi Arabia.
Aldossary S
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Women and Children's Health Institute, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia.
Alissa M
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
Alburaiky LM
Pediatric Department, Safwa General Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 31921, Saudi Arabia.
Alsalim FM
Department of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care, Qatif Health Cluster, Qatif 32434, Saudi Arabia.
Thakur N
University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India.
Verma G
Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
Dhawan M
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India. Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.

MeSH

HumansSARS-CoV-2COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesBreakthrough InfectionsAntibodies, Viral

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Review

Language

eng

PubMed ID

36984508

Citation

Rabaan, Ali A., et al. "Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences On the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences." Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), vol. 59, no. 3, 2023.
Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Albayat H, et al. Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(3).
Rabaan, A. A., Al-Ahmed, S. H., Albayat, H., Alwarthan, S., Alhajri, M., Najim, M. A., AlShehail, B. M., Al-Adsani, W., Alghadeer, A., Abduljabbar, W. A., Alotaibi, N., Alsalman, J., Gorab, A. H., Almaghrabi, R. S., Zaidan, A. A., Aldossary, S., Alissa, M., Alburaiky, L. M., Alsalim, F. M., ... Dhawan, M. (2023). Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 59(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59030507
Rabaan AA, et al. Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences On the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023 Mar 5;59(3) PubMed PMID: 36984508.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. AU - Rabaan,Ali A, AU - Al-Ahmed,Shamsah H, AU - Albayat,Hawra, AU - Alwarthan,Sara, AU - Alhajri,Mashael, AU - Najim,Mustafa A, AU - AlShehail,Bashayer M, AU - Al-Adsani,Wasl, AU - Alghadeer,Ali, AU - Abduljabbar,Wesam A, AU - Alotaibi,Nouf, AU - Alsalman,Jameela, AU - Gorab,Ali H, AU - Almaghrabi,Reem S, AU - Zaidan,Ali A, AU - Aldossary,Sahar, AU - Alissa,Mohammed, AU - Alburaiky,Lamees M, AU - Alsalim,Fatimah Mustafa, AU - Thakur,Nanamika, AU - Verma,Geetika, AU - Dhawan,Manish, Y1 - 2023/03/05/ PY - 2023/2/6/received PY - 2023/2/27/revised PY - 2023/3/3/accepted PY - 2023/3/30/medline PY - 2023/3/29/entrez PY - 2023/3/30/pubmed KW - COVID-19 KW - Omicron KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - breakthrough infections KW - neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) KW - vaccines KW - variants JF - Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) JO - Medicina (Kaunas) VL - 59 IS - 3 N2 - The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants' emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2's structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response. SN - 1648-9144 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/36984508/Variants_of_SARS_CoV_2:_Influences_on_the_Vaccines'_Effectiveness_and_Possible_Strategies_to_Overcome_Their_Consequences_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -