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A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water.
Water Res. 2023 Jul 01; 239:120056.WR

Abstract

New technologies using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with low energy-input to address the presence of micro-contaminants and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are required for drinking water safety. In this work, the activation of chlorine dioxide with solar (solar/ClO2 process), a type of renewable and inexhaustible energy, was developed to degrade atrazine (ATZ) and control the formation of DBPs. Results revealed that solar/ClO2 process was effective in degrading ATZ. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) produced in solar/ClO2 process were found to be the predominant agents for ATZ degradation with contribution rates of 55.9% and 44.1%, respectively, based on radical quenching tests and competition kinetics. Reaction pH did not affect the total amount of Cl• and •OH (i.e., [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp), while the conversion of Cl• to •OH was responsible for the depressed ATZ degradation efficiency with the increasing pH in solar/ClO2 process. The presence of bicarbonate (HCO3[-]), chloride (Cl[-]) and humic acid (HA) retarded the ATZ degradation mainly due to they decreased [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp. Using the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, six degradation intermediates of ATZ were tentatively identified, and the three-stage degradation pathway as well as the stepwise detoxification of ATZ were confirmed by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) calculation and ECOSAR prediction. Applying solar/ClO2 as a pretreatment of HA-containing water, the formation of DBPs during post-chlorination was significantly reduced. However, the presence of ATZ during solar/ClO2 pretreatment of HA significantly lowered the control efficiency of DBPs. The major degradation intermediate, i.e., deethyldeisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DEIHA), of ATZ could incorporate into HA and therefore providing more precursors for DBPs. The acute toxicity recorded by the behavior of zebrafish larvae revealed that using chloramine instead of chlorine downstream the solar/ClO2 pretreatment of ATZ and HA could significantly reduce the acute toxicity by decreasing the formation of total DBPs. This study demonstrated the great potential of applying solar/ClO2 process followed by chloramination to simultaneously degrade micro-contaminants and reduce DBPs formation as well as toxic risk in practical applications.

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Publisher Full Text (DOI)

Authors+Show Affiliations

Chen H
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
Lin T
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China. Electronic address: hit_lintao@163.com.
Wang P
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China. Electronic address: pfwang2005@hhu.edu.cn.
Wang Y
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
Wei W
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
Zhu S
Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.

MeSH

AnimalsDrinking WaterDisinfectantsAtrazineChlorineChromatography, LiquidZebrafishTandem Mass SpectrometryDisinfectionOxidation-ReductionChloridesHalogenationWater PurificationWater Pollutants, Chemical

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

37167851

Citation

Chen, Han, et al. "A Novel Solar-activated Chlorine Dioxide Process for Atrazine Degradation in Drinking Water." Water Research, vol. 239, 2023, p. 120056.
Chen H, Lin T, Wang P, et al. A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water. Water Res. 2023;239:120056.
Chen, H., Lin, T., Wang, P., Wang, Y., Wei, W., & Zhu, S. (2023). A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water. Water Research, 239, 120056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120056
Chen H, et al. A Novel Solar-activated Chlorine Dioxide Process for Atrazine Degradation in Drinking Water. Water Res. 2023 Jul 1;239:120056. PubMed PMID: 37167851.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - A novel solar-activated chlorine dioxide process for atrazine degradation in drinking water. AU - Chen,Han, AU - Lin,Tao, AU - Wang,Peifang, AU - Wang,Yuchen, AU - Wei,Wei, AU - Zhu,Shuguang, Y1 - 2023/05/06/ PY - 2023/02/13/received PY - 2023/04/13/revised PY - 2023/05/05/accepted PY - 2023/5/29/medline PY - 2023/5/12/pubmed PY - 2023/5/11/entrez KW - Atrazine KW - Disinfection byproducts KW - Radicals KW - Solar/chlorine dioxide process KW - Toxicity SP - 120056 EP - 120056 JF - Water research JO - Water Res VL - 239 N2 - New technologies using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with low energy-input to address the presence of micro-contaminants and the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are required for drinking water safety. In this work, the activation of chlorine dioxide with solar (solar/ClO2 process), a type of renewable and inexhaustible energy, was developed to degrade atrazine (ATZ) and control the formation of DBPs. Results revealed that solar/ClO2 process was effective in degrading ATZ. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) produced in solar/ClO2 process were found to be the predominant agents for ATZ degradation with contribution rates of 55.9% and 44.1%, respectively, based on radical quenching tests and competition kinetics. Reaction pH did not affect the total amount of Cl• and •OH (i.e., [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp), while the conversion of Cl• to •OH was responsible for the depressed ATZ degradation efficiency with the increasing pH in solar/ClO2 process. The presence of bicarbonate (HCO3[-]), chloride (Cl[-]) and humic acid (HA) retarded the ATZ degradation mainly due to they decreased [•OH]exp) and [Cl•]exp. Using the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, six degradation intermediates of ATZ were tentatively identified, and the three-stage degradation pathway as well as the stepwise detoxification of ATZ were confirmed by the condensed Fukui function (CFF) calculation and ECOSAR prediction. Applying solar/ClO2 as a pretreatment of HA-containing water, the formation of DBPs during post-chlorination was significantly reduced. However, the presence of ATZ during solar/ClO2 pretreatment of HA significantly lowered the control efficiency of DBPs. The major degradation intermediate, i.e., deethyldeisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DEIHA), of ATZ could incorporate into HA and therefore providing more precursors for DBPs. The acute toxicity recorded by the behavior of zebrafish larvae revealed that using chloramine instead of chlorine downstream the solar/ClO2 pretreatment of ATZ and HA could significantly reduce the acute toxicity by decreasing the formation of total DBPs. This study demonstrated the great potential of applying solar/ClO2 process followed by chloramination to simultaneously degrade micro-contaminants and reduce DBPs formation as well as toxic risk in practical applications. SN - 1879-2448 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/37167851/A_novel_solar_activated_chlorine_dioxide_process_for_atrazine_degradation_in_drinking_water_ DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -