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Visual scanning and pilot expertise: the role of attentional flexibility and mental model development.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 Jul; 68(7):569-79.AS

Abstract

In order to examine differences in flying expertise, 12 novice and 12 expert pilots flew a 7-segment simulation pattern under specific attentional constraints while cockpit instrument visual scan was recorded. Flight segments involved various combinations of maneuvering of heading, altitude and airspeed. Expert pilots performed better than novices on vertical and longitudinal, but not lateral control. They accomplished their superior vertical tracking by allocating more control resources to the vertical control. Analyses of scanning strategies revealed that experts: a) had shorter dwells and more frequent visits to most instruments; b) adapted their visiting strategy more flexibly in response to changing task demands; c) demonstrated a better mental model of cross-coupling and predictive relations between and within axes; and d) showed more frequent checking of axes whose values remained constant. The data is discussed in terms of their implications in pilot cockpit scan training program development.

Authors+Show Affiliations

Bellenkes AH
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institute of Aviation, Savoy 61874, USA.
Wickens CD
No affiliation info available
Kramer AF
No affiliation info available

MeSH

AdolescentAdultAerospace MedicineAircraftAnalysis of VarianceAttentionComputer SimulationCross-Sectional StudiesEye MovementsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMarkov ChainsPractice, PsychologicalReaction TimeSet, PsychologyTask Performance and AnalysisVolitionWorkload

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Language

eng

PubMed ID

9215461

Citation

Bellenkes, A H., et al. "Visual Scanning and Pilot Expertise: the Role of Attentional Flexibility and Mental Model Development." Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, vol. 68, no. 7, 1997, pp. 569-79.
Bellenkes AH, Wickens CD, Kramer AF. Visual scanning and pilot expertise: the role of attentional flexibility and mental model development. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997;68(7):569-79.
Bellenkes, A. H., Wickens, C. D., & Kramer, A. F. (1997). Visual scanning and pilot expertise: the role of attentional flexibility and mental model development. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 68(7), 569-79.
Bellenkes AH, Wickens CD, Kramer AF. Visual Scanning and Pilot Expertise: the Role of Attentional Flexibility and Mental Model Development. Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997;68(7):569-79. PubMed PMID: 9215461.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - JOUR T1 - Visual scanning and pilot expertise: the role of attentional flexibility and mental model development. AU - Bellenkes,A H, AU - Wickens,C D, AU - Kramer,A F, PY - 1997/7/1/pubmed PY - 1997/7/1/medline PY - 1997/7/1/entrez SP - 569 EP - 79 JF - Aviation, space, and environmental medicine JO - Aviat Space Environ Med VL - 68 IS - 7 N2 - In order to examine differences in flying expertise, 12 novice and 12 expert pilots flew a 7-segment simulation pattern under specific attentional constraints while cockpit instrument visual scan was recorded. Flight segments involved various combinations of maneuvering of heading, altitude and airspeed. Expert pilots performed better than novices on vertical and longitudinal, but not lateral control. They accomplished their superior vertical tracking by allocating more control resources to the vertical control. Analyses of scanning strategies revealed that experts: a) had shorter dwells and more frequent visits to most instruments; b) adapted their visiting strategy more flexibly in response to changing task demands; c) demonstrated a better mental model of cross-coupling and predictive relations between and within axes; and d) showed more frequent checking of axes whose values remained constant. The data is discussed in terms of their implications in pilot cockpit scan training program development. SN - 0095-6562 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/9215461/Visual_scanning_and_pilot_expertise:_the_role_of_attentional_flexibility_and_mental_model_development_ L2 - https://www.lens.org/lens/search/patent/list?q=citation_id:9215461 DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -