The highly promising formaldehyde (HCHO)-removing materials are essential for eliminating interior pollution to safeguard the public's health with increasing indoor HCHO contamination situations being recorded on a global scale. In the paper, bamboo charcoal (BC) was activated with boric acid to prepare bamboo-based activated carbon (BAC), and then impregnated with ammonium acetate solution to successfully develop porous adsorbent with ammonium acetate particles (N/BAC), which was applied to remove low concentration of HCHO at room temperature. The adsorption performance for HCHO was systematically investigated while the surface chemical properties and microstructure of the as-prepared adsorbents were described and analyzed. The specific surface area, total pore volume and microporous volume of N/BAC sample were 240.09 m2/g, 0.27 cm3/g and 0.12 cm3/g, which increased by 42.40 m2/g, 0.15 cm3/g and 0.03 cm3/g compared with BAC sample, respectively. The specific surface area and the microporous volume, as well as the content of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups of N/BAC sample were augmented by contrast with other samples, and numerous ammonium acetate particles were present on the surface. Precisely because of this, the N/BAC sample exhibited a high removal rate of 98.89%, which was 18.38% greater than that of BAC sample. A superior correlation coefficient (0.9999) from the experimental values of the dynamics and the fitted values of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model demonstrated that the adsorption process of HCHO on N/BAC sample was physical-chemical combined adsorption. The adsorption of HCHO on N/BAC sample was investigated under different humidity, and the results showed that the adsorbent yet had excellent adsorption capacity (87.93%) under RH 75%. Moreover, the N/BAC sample was renewable, and the removal rate still reached 82.81% after five cycles of regeneration. Therefore, the as-prepared adsorbent is an effective, economical and sustainable material, and could be used to remove HCHO from real contaminated indoor air.

Soil contamination by Pb can result from different anthropogenic sources such as lead-based paints, gasoline, pesticides, coal burning, mining, among others. This work aimed to evaluate the potential of P-loaded biochar (Biochar-based slow-release P fertilizer) to remediate a Pb-contaminated soil. In addition, we aim to propose a biomonitoring alternative after soil remediation. First, rice husk-derived biochar was obtained at different temperatures (450, 500, 550, and 600 °C) (raw biochars). Then, part of the resulting material was activated. Later, the raw biochars and activated biochars were immersed in a saturated KH2PO4 solution to produce P-loaded biochars. The ability of materials to immobilize Pb and increase the bioavailability of P in the soil was evaluated by an incubation test. The materials were incorporated into doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%. After 45 days, soil samples were taken to biomonitor the remediation process using two bioindicators: a phytotoxicity test and enzyme soil activity. Activated P-loaded biochar produced at 500 °C has been found to present the best conditions for soil Pb remediation. This material significantly reduced the bioavailability of Pb and increased the bioavailability of P. The phytotoxicity test and the soil enzymatic activity were significantly correlated with the decrease in bioavailable Pb but not with the increase in bioavailable P. Biomonitoring using the phytotoxicity test is a promising alternative for the evaluation of soils after remediation processes.

Changes in terrestrial vegetation during the mid-Cretaceous and their link to climate and environmental change are poorly understood. In this study, we use plant macrofossils and analysis of fossil pollen and spores from the Western Desert, Egypt, to assess temporal changes in plant communities during the Cenomanian. The investigated strata have relatively diverse sporomorph assemblages, which reflect the nature of parent vegetation. Specifically, the palynofloras represent ferns, conifers, monosulcate pollen producers, Gnetales, and a diverse group of angiosperms. Comparisons of both, dispersed palynoflora and plant macrofossils reveal different characteristics of the palaeoflora owing to a plethora of taphonomical and ecological biases including the depositional environment, production levels, and discrepancies between different plant organs. A combination of detailed records of sporomorphs, leaves, and charcoal from the studied successions provide new understandings of the palaeoclimate and palaeogeography during the Cenomanian and Albian-Cenomanian transition in Egypt. The mixed composition of the palynofloral assemblages reflects the presence of different depositional situations with a weak marine influence, as evidenced by a minor dinoflagellate cysts component. The local vegetation comprised various categories including herbaceous groups including ferns and eudicots, fluvial, open environments, and xeric arboreal communities dominated by Cheirolepidiaceae and perhaps including drought- and/or salt-tolerating ferns (Anemiaceae) and other gymnosperms (Araucariaceae, Ginkgoales, Cycadales, and Gnetales) as well as angiosperms. The presence of riparian and freshwater wetland communities favouring aquatic and/or hygrophilous ferns (of Salviniaceae and Marsileaceae), is noted. The wide variation of depositional settings derived from the palynological data may be attributed to a prevalent occurrence of producers in local vegetation during the early Cenomanian of Egypt. For the purpose of this work on the studied Bahariya Formation and its equivalent rock units, where iconic dinosaurs and other fossil fauna roamed, we attempt to improve the understanding of Egypt's Cenomanian climate, which is reconstructed as generally warm and humid punctuated by phases of considerably drier conditions of varying duration.

A new, fast, and ultra-sensitive headspace sampling method using the Capillary Microextraction of Volatiles (CMV) device is demonstrated for the analysis of ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) in fire debris. This headspace sampling method involves the use of a heated can (60°C) to aid in the recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from medium and heavy petroleum distillates. Our group has previously reported the utility of CMV to extract gasoline at ambient temperature in less than 5 min in the field. This work evaluates the recovery and analysis of low mass loadings (tens of ng) of VOCs from charcoal lighter fluid, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, and pentadecane were selected for evaluation of recovery to represent these ILR classes. The face-down heated can headspace sampling technique was compared to the previously reported, non-heated, paper cup headspace sampling technique. Mass recovery improvements of 50%-200% for five of the six target compounds in diesel fuel were achieved compared to the non-heated sampling method. The average relative standard deviation (reported as % RSD) between the replicate trials decreased from an average of 28% to 6% when using the heated can method. Ignitable liquids were spiked onto burned debris in a live burn exercise and sampled using the heated can and paper cup headspace sampling techniques. The heated sampling technique reported here, for the first time, demonstrates an effective extraction method that when coupled to a portable GC-MS instrument allows for a sampling and analysis protocol in the field in less than 30 min.

The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen contaminating dairy products. Closely related to L. monocytogenes saprophytic Listeria spp. are also frequent contaminators of food and, particularly, dairy products. To distinguish L. monocytogenes from nonpathogenic Listeria spp. and other bacteria, a dot-immunoassay was developed. The immunoassay is based on the polyclonal antibody to the secreted form of the surface virulence-associated L. monocytogenes-specific InlB protein. To increase InlB production, bacteria were grown on the brain-heart infusion agar supplemented with 0.2% activated charcoal (BHIC agar). Direct plating of artificially contaminated raw milk samples on the BHIC agar followed by the dot-immunoassay allowed a rapid identification of L. monocytogenes in concentrations as little as 10 cfu/mL. Using the developed approach, preliminary results were obtained within 14 h, and the final results were obtained after 26 h. The dot-immunoassay was tested on L. monocytogenes strains belonging to different clonal complexes and phylogenetic lineages, Listeria spp., and other bacterial species. Results showed the exceptional specificity of the developed dot-immunoassay for the rapid identification of L. monocytogenes.

In this study, magnetic biochar (Fe-BC) was synthesized from phoenix tree leaves and FeSO4·7H2O by impregnation-pyrolysis method, and was used to activate H2O2 to degrade Cu-EDTA. The effects of preparation parameters on the degradation of Cu-EDTA by Fe-BC/H2O2 system were investigated by degradation experiments and characterization methods (SEM, BET, FTIR, XRD and XPS). The results showed that the magnetic biochar prepared under the pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C, pyrolysis time of 3 h and iron content of 3 wt% had the best catalytic activity. Within 120 min, the breaking efficiency of Cu-EDTA binding, precipitation efficiency of Cu2+ and removal efficiency of TOC could reach 78.48, 71.65 and 46.54% at the conditions of adding 1.0 g/L magnetic biochar and 25 mM H2O2 and the iron dissolution was only 0.32 mg/L. The characterization results and comparison experiments demonstrated that the catalytic effect of magnetic biochar not only depends on the transfer of electrons to H2O2 by the loaded iron oxides, but also the active oxygen functional groups (OFGs) and persistent free radicals (PFRs) contained on the surface can transfer electrons to H2O2 or even dissolved oxygen to produce an amount of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anion radicals (O2·-).

The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon).

To our best knowledge, there are no non-invasive and painless means for the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal bleeding as of now, especially the segment of intestine that cannot be reached by endoscopy. We proposed an intelligent intestinal bleeding diagnosis and treatment capsule (IBDTC) system for the first time to diagnose and treat intestinal bleeding with low power consumption, estimated to be about 2.16mW. A hue-saturation-light (HSL) color space method was applied to diagnose bleeding according to H (hue) values of the film dyed by blood. A MEMS-based micro-igniter works as the critical component of the micro-thruster that houses the propellant (74.6% potassium nitrate, 11.9% sulfur, 13.5% charcoal) and the detonating agent (dinitrodiazophenol), to help release drug. Bleeding detection and ignition tests were performed to justify its feasibility and reliability. Results demonstrated that the bleeding diagnosis module of the IBDTC can effectively detect bleeding and the micro-igniter can successfully ignite the propellant. Owing to its simplicity and intelligence, the IBDTC system will pave a way for future accurate treatment of small intestinal bleeding with no injury, no pain, no complicated supporting equipment, no need for in vitro operation and positioning.

In this paper, a series of modern analysis methods, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a thermoelectric LTQ-Orbitrap XL ETD mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS), were applied to analyze and accurately identify the chemical composition of plant dyes and the mineral pigment from the samples collected from grave goods. As a result, the textiles were dyed by the madder, Kermes, Phellodendron chinense, indigo, Lithospermum L., and so forth. In addition, the mineral pigment, charcoal, hematite, minium, cinnabar, azurite, and malachite were used to paint the exquisite artifacts in the tomb of Murongzhi. This research demonstrates the profound impact on cultural transmission and fusion in the "Tuyuhong" dynasty and explores the Silk Road in Tang dynasty.

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, is a major soybean disease resulting in significant yield loss and poor seed quality. Currently, no resistant soybean cultivar is available in the market and resistance mechanisms to charcoal rot are unknown, although the disease is believed to infect plants from infected soil through the roots by unknown toxin-mediated mechanisms. The objective of this research was to investigate the association between seed sugars (sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, and fructose) and their role as biomarkers in the soybean defense mechanism in the moderately resistant (MR) and susceptible (S) genotypes to charcoal rot. Seven MR and six S genotypes were grown under irrigated (IR) and non-irrigated (NIR) conditions. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2012 and 2013 at Jackson, TN, USA. The main findings in this research were that MR genotypes generally had the ability to maintain higher seed levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose than did S genotypes. Conversely, susceptible genotypes showed a higher level of stachyose and lower levels of sucrose, glucose, and fructose. This was observed in 6 out of 7 MR genotypes and in 4 out of 6 S genotypes in 2012; and in 5 out of 7 MR genotypes and in 5 out of 6 S genotypes in 2013. The response of S genotypes with higher levels of stachyose and lower sucrose, glucose, and fructose, compared with those of MR genotypes, may indicate the possible role of these sugars in a defense mechanism against charcoal rot. It also indicates that nutrient pathways in MR genotypes allowed for a higher influx of nutritious sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) than did S genotypes, suggesting these sugars as potential biomarkers for selecting MR soybean plants after harvest. This research provides new knowledge on seed sugars and helps in understanding the impact of charcoal rot on seed sugars in moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes.

Five types of odor-emitting exhaust gases from medical waste were selected, and their adsorption capacity and desorption efficiency were investigated using activated carbon. The selected gases included polar gases (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3)) and non-polar gases (acetaldehyde (AA), methyl mercaptan (MM), and trimethylamine (TMA))). Commercial activated carbon with a specific surface area of 2276 m2/g was used as the adsorbent. For the removal of odor from medical waste, we investigated: (1) the effective adsorption capacity of a single gas (<1 ppm), (2) the effect of the adsorbed NH3 gas concentration and flow rate, and (3) the desorption rate using NH3 gas. The values of the effective adsorption capacity of the single gas were in the following order: H2S < NH3 < AA < MM < TMA, at 0.2, 4.2, 6.3, 6.6, and 35.7 mg/g, respectively. The results indicate that polar gases have a lower effective adsorption capacity than that of non-polar gases, and that the size of the gas molecules and effective adsorption capacity exhibit a proportional relationship. The effective adsorption performance of NH3 gas showed an increasing trend with NH3 concentration. Therefore, securing optimal conditions for adsorption/desorption is imperative for the highly efficient removal of odor from medical waste.

The bioremediation of heavy metal ions and pesticides is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Microbial remediation is considered superior to conventional abiotic remediation processes, due to its cost-effectiveness, decrement of biological and chemical sludge, selectivity toward specific metal ions, and high removal efficiency in dilute effluents. Immobilization technology using biochar as a carrier is one important approach for advancing microbial remediation. This article provides an overview of biochar-based materials, including their design and production strategies, physicochemical properties, and applications as adsorbents and support for microorganisms. Microorganisms that can cope with the various heavy metal ions and/or pesticides that enter the environment are also outlined in this review. Pesticide and heavy metal bioremediation can be influenced by microbial activity, pollutant bioavailability, and environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. Furthermore, by elucidating the interaction mechanisms, this paper summarizes the microbe-mediated remediation of heavy metals and pesticides. In this review, we also compile and discuss those works focusing on the study of various bioremediation strategies utilizing biochar and microorganisms and how the immobilized bacteria on biochar contribute to the improvement of bioremediation strategies. There is also a summary of the sources and harmful effects of pesticides and heavy metals. Finally, based on the research described above, this study outlines the future scope of this field.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising and cost-effective technology that is currently being widely explored for removing dissolved ions from saline water. This research developed materials based on activated carbon (AC) materials modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and used them as high-performance CDI electrodes for water desalination. The as-prepared electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and their physical properties were studied through SEM and XRD. ZnO-coated AC electrodes revealed a better specific absorption capacity (SAC) and an average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) compared to pristine AC, specifically with values of 123.66 mg/g and 5.06 mg/g/min, respectively. The desalination process was conducted using a 0.4 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with flow rates from 45 mL/min to 105 mL/min under an applied potential of 1.2 V. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of the desalination process, the specific energy consumption (SEC), and the maximum and minimum of the effluent solution concentration were quantified using thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE). Finally, this work suggested that AC/ZnO material has the potential to be utilized as a CDI electrode for the desalination of saline water.

Biochar addition has been recommended as a potential strategy for mitigating climate change. However, the number of studies simultaneously investigating the effects of biochar addition on CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and sequentially global warming potential (GWP) is limited, especially concerning its effect on native soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. An incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil physicochemical properties, CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions and GWP in the treatments with 0% (CK), 1% (BC1) and 4% (BC4) cornstalk biochar additions, and clarify the priming effect of biochar on native SOC mineralization by the 13C tracer technique. Generally, biochar addition increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity, SOC and total nitrogen, but decreased NH4+-N and NO3--N. Compared with CK, BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 20.7% and 28.0%, and reduced N2O emissions by 25.6% and 95.4%, respectively. However, BC1 significantly reduced CH4 emission by 43.6%, and BC4 increased CH4 emission by 19.3%. BC1 and BC4 significantly reduced the GWP by 20.8% and 29.3%, but there was no significant difference between them. Biochar addition had a negative priming effect on native SOC mineralization, which was the reason for the CO2 emission reduction. The negative priming effect of biochar was attributed to the physical protection of native SOC by promoting microaggregate formation and preferentially using soluble organic carbon in biochar. The N2O emission decrease was rooted in the reduction of nitrification and denitrification substrates by promoting the microbial assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. The inconsistency of CH4 emissions was attributed to the different relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation under different biochar addition ratios. Our study suggests that 1% should be a more reasonable biochar addition ratio for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in sandy loam, and emphasizes that it is necessary to furtherly investigate nitrogen primary transformation rates and the relative contributions of CH4 production and oxidation by the 15N and 13C technique, which is helpful for comprehensively understanding the effect mechanisms of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics can kill both pathogens and gut microbiota. Reducing exposure to excess intestinal antibiotics could theoretically protect gut microbiota homeostasis. Recently, engineered charcoals, gel microparticles, and resin beads have demonstrated efficacy in intestinal antibiotic adsorption in animal studies. We report the first in vitro study evaluating human fecal antibiotic adsorption efficacy of conventional activated charcoal (AC). We collected fecal samples from eight patients who received intravenous (IV) ceftriaxone after admission to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand, during January-March 2020. Fecal ceftriaxone was measured by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassays. Three different doses of AC were mixed with fecal samples under a specified protocol. The geometric mean reduction in fecal ceftriaxone concentration when mixed with AC 30 mg/g feces was 0.53 (95% CI 0.33-0.85, p-value < 0.001), meaning 47% adsorption efficacy. Increased adsorption was found with higher doses, 71% and 87% for AC 150 and 500 mg/g feces, respectively. In conclusion, the usual food-poisoning-care dose of conventional AC, 30 mg/g feces, demonstrated dose-dependent and significant fecal ceftriaxone adsorption. Conventional oral AC might be a pragmatic and inexpensive option for the protection of gut microbiota in patients receiving IV ceftriaxone. However, in vivo studies and microbiome analysis are needed for further evidence.

The high incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) in chocolates suggests the necessity to create a practical and cost-effective processing strategy for eliminating mycotoxins. The present study aimed to assess the adsorption abilities of activated charcoal (A. charcoal), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus as AFs adsorbents in three forms-sole, di- and tri-mix-in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) through an in vitro approach, simulated to mimic the conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) based on pH, time and AFs concentration. In addition, the novel fortification of chocolate with A. charcoal, probiotic, and yeast (tri-mix adsorbents) was evaluated for its effects on the sensory properties. Using HPLC, 60 samples of dark, milk, bitter, couverture, powder, and wafer chocolates were examined for the presence of AFs. Results showed that all the examined samples contained AFs, with maximum concentrations of 2.32, 1.81, and 1.66 µg/kg for powder, milk, and dark chocolates, respectively. The combined treatment demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency (96.8%) among all tested compounds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the tested adsorbents to be effective AF-binding agents. Moreover, the novel combination of tri-mix fortified chocolate had a minor cytotoxicity impact on the adsorptive abilities, with the highest binding at pH 6.8 for 4 h, in addition to inducing an insignificant effect on the sensory attributes of dark chocolate. Tri-mix is thus recommended in the manufacturing of dark chocolate in order to enhance the safety of the newly developed product.

This study highlights the development of a lab-scale, indigenously designed; Packed-Bed Biofilm Reactor (PBBR) packed with brick pieces. The developed biofilm in the reactor was used for the decolourisation and biodegradation of the textile industry effluent. The PBBR was continuously operated for 264 days, during which 301 cycles of batch and continuous treatment were operated. In batch mode under optimised conditions, more than 99% dye decolourisation and ≥ 92% COD reduction were achieved in 6 h of contact time upon supplementation of effluent with 0.25 g L-1 glucose, 0.25 g L-1 urea, and 0.1 g L-1 phosphates. A decolourisation rate of 133.94 ADMI units h-1 was achieved in the process. PBBR, when operated in continuous mode, showed ≥ 95% and ≥ 92% reduction in ADMI and COD values. Subsequent aeration and passage through the charcoal reactor assisted in achieving a ≥ 96% reduction in COD and ADMI values. An overall increase of 81% in dye-laden effluent decolourisation rate, from 62 to 262 mg L-1 h-1, was observed upon increasing the flow rate from 18 to 210 mL h-1. Dye biodegradation was determined by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy and toxicity study. SEM analysis showed the morphology of the attached-growth biofilm.

The high hydrophobicity of n-hexane is the main reason why it is difficult to be removed biologically. In this study, the effects of bamboo-charcoal modified by bimetallic Fe/Pd (BBC) on n-hexane biodegradation by Pseudomonas mendocina NX-1 (PM) was investigated. The n-hexane removal efficiency was increased in the presence of BC. The highest n-hexane removal efficiency at 90.0% was achieved at 0.05 g L-1 BCE and 3 g L-1 NH4+ under pH 7.7 and 35 °C. Additionally, protein content (45.9 μg mL-1) and negative cell surface zeta potential (-26.4 mV) were increased during biodegradation process, with PM-BBC being 43.1 μg mL-1 and 19.1 mV. Bacterial growth was improved and maximum cell surface hydrophobicity was obtained after 20 h, which was 59.4% higher than the control with PM-BBC (37.7%) or PM (16.1%), showing biodegradation products of 1-butanol and acetic acid. The results indicate that BBC improved n-hexane biodegradation efficiency by promoting bacterial growth, reducing cell zeta potential, exposing hydrophobic proteins, and increasing cell surface hydrophobicity of bacterial strain NX-1. This investigation suggests that BBC-enhanced biodegradation can be promising to treat n-hexane-containing gas.

Kafta Sheraro National Park (KSNP) has experienced rapid and consecutive destruction of dry woodland vegetation due to the influence of anthropogenic activities in the past three decades. However, to date, the change in woodland cover and its driving factors have not been addressed. This study aims to assess the spatial and temporal trends of land use/land cover change, seasonal vegetation cover change via the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and human-induced drivers of change that occurred in the KSNP between 1988 and 2018 by using satellite imagery sensors (TM, ETM+, OLI), field observations, and local community interview data. The 2018 image results showed kappa coefficients of the dry season and wet season of 0.90 and 0.845, respectively. There was a continuous decline in woodland (29.38%) and riparian vegetation (47.11%) and an increasing trend in shrub bush land (35.28%), grassland (43.47%), bare land (27.52%), and cultivated land (118.36 km2) over the thirty-year period. Moreover, the results showed that bare land expanded from wet to drier months, while cultivated land and grazing land increased from dry to wet months. Based on the NDVI results, high to moderate vegetation was decreased by 21.47%, while sparse and non-vegetation expanded by 19.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Settlement and agricultural expansion, human-induced fire, firewood collection, gold mining, and charcoal production were the major proximate drivers that negatively affected park resources. Around KSNP, the local communities' livelihood depends on farming (crop and livestock production). This expansion of farming is the main driver of woodland depletion, which leads to increased resource competition and a challenge for the survival of wildlife. Therefore, urgent sustainable conservation of park biodiversity by encouraging community participation in conservation practices and preparing awareness creation programs should be mandatory.

Cooking effect (grilling - barbecue, oven-cooking, frying, boiling and microwaving) on lipid and fatty acids (FAs) in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and fish Trachurus trachurus was investigated. The levels of priority PAHs were also evaluated as well as the potential risk associated with their consumption. Cooking increased lipid content, reaching the highest value in fried product with 13.2 and 5.6 g/100 g in mussel and fish, respectively. The n-3/n-6 ranged from 0.15 to 5.31 in mussel and from 0.29 to 5.35 in mackerel. In both species, frying and oven-cooking negatively affected FAs composition as shown by the lipid quality indices. However, FAs profile exhibited by species after cooking remained beneficial for human health. Concerning PAHs, levels ranged from 31 to 78 μg/kg in M. galloprovincialis, and from 8.4 to 25 μg/kg in T. trachurus. The minimum and maximum values were found, respectively, in the raw product and after barbecue cooking with charcoal placed at 4 cm away from the seafood. The carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene was detected only in mussels after barbecue cooking. Risk assessment of dietary exposure to PAHs, calculated by the Hazard Quotient and Cancer Risk, showed that the consumption of cooked seafood should not be a concern for human health.

Textile industries release effluent that contains the vast majority of heavy metals in which Cr (VI) is a toxic carcinogenic element that causes an environmental problem. The aim of the work is to synthesize algae-derived biochar derived from algae using slow pyrolysis at an operating temperature of 500 °C, a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a residence time of 60 min and to use it as an adsorbent to remove Cr (VI). The batch experiment was carried out using different concentrations of Cr (VI) (1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 ppm) at different intervals of time (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min). The maximum removal percentage of Cr (VI) is 97.88% for the metal concentration of 1 ppm exhibiting non-linear adsorption isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, nth order, and intra-particle diffusion) were analyzed using a solver add-in of Microsoft Excel. According to the results, the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999) and pseudo-nth order models are suitable to describe monolayer adsorption and the process kinetics, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of algal biochar to adsorb is 186.94 mg/g. For the prediction of the optimal removal efficacy, an artificial neural network of the MLP-2-7-1 model was used. The results obtained are useful for future work using algal biochar as an adsorbent of Cr (VI) from textile wastewater to achieve sustainable development goals.

In order to reduce the pyrolysis temperature during the process of directional conversion from kitchen waste (KW) into aromatic biochar, a kind of catalyst was prepared with carbon material coated with tri-metallic oxide (Fe2O3, MgO and Al2O3) combining with sulfonic acid groups (CMO@SA) according to KW compositions. The aromaticity of KW pyrolysis biochar (KWB) increased when the temperature ranged from 170 to 210 °C. The catalytic pyrolysis temperature of KW reduced from 500 to 190 °C for biochar generation with similar aromaticity due to amendment of CMO@SA. The maximum adsorption capacity of catalytic pyrolysis KWB was 160.23 mg/g for dyeing wastewater, which was equivalent to biochar generated at 500 °C. The decrease of pyrolysis temperature was attributed to the reduction of bonds fracture activation-energy among CH, CC and CO under the catalytic function. The catalytic activity and recovery of CMO@SA kept at 92 % and 90 % after five recycle.

There is no high-quality evidence regarding the benefit of any gastrointestinal decontamination procedure in the overdose patient. The original and twice reaffirmed position of the AACT and EAPCCT is based upon the best evidence and practical considerations. WBI was recommended as a treatment for the ingestion of modified release pharmaceuticals, iron salts and other substances not adsorbed by activated charcoal. This is a best evidence recommendation.