Given growing evidence for a joint hierarchical framework of clinical and personality symptomatology, situating triarchic traits within this model would acknowledge transdiagnostic trait-related variance and provide a basis for linking the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) domains to established indicators of these neurobehavioral traits. The current study (N = 2,041 Italian adults) sought to replicate and extend recent evidence regarding the locations of triarchic traits within the AMPD and to examine relations with criterion measures at different levels of the hierarchy. "Bass-ackwards" analyses revealed a hierarchical structure of personality pathology in which triarchic traits aligned with broad dispositional domains of the AMPD. Boldness, meanness, and disinhibition were clearly situated within the Externalizing branch of the hierarchy and helped to differentiate the Negative Affect, Antagonism, Detachment, and Disinhibition domains at lower levels. The current findings support the view of psychopathy as multidimensional and encompassing developmentally meaningful and neurobehaviorally relevant traits.

The triarchic model of psychopathy emphasizes the role of three phenotypic personality domains (boldness, meanness, and disinhibition) that have been operationalized using the well-established Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. The present study sought to further validate the MPQ-Tri scales and examine their temporal stability and predictive validity across two time points (ages 18 and 26) from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative and longitudinal sample (N = 1,037). This investigation necessitated modification of the MPQ-Tri scales to enable their use in a broader range of samples, including the Dunedin Study. The revised MPQ-Tri scales demonstrated good temporal stability, and correlation and multiple linear regression analyses predominantly revealed associations consistent with theoretical expectations. Overall, the findings provide support for the MPQ-Tri scales as reliable, stable, and valid measures of the triarchic constructs, which provide a unique opportunity to examine highly novel research questions concerning psychopathy in a wide variety of samples.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in adult life. However, it is unclear whether the risk pathways to adverse adult outcomes are established during childhood or whether associations are driven by concurrent ADHD symptoms that have persisted to adulthood.

Background: Individuals scoring high on psychopathy engage in problematic patterns of alcohol and illicit substance use. However, our understanding regarding the association between psychopathy and nicotine use remains limited, which is surprising, given the detrimental consequences associated with such use. Previous studies have observed significant correlations between psychopathic traits (particularly Factor 2 scores assessing lifestyle/behavioral and antisocial traits from the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised [PCL-R]) and increased frequency of nicotine use. However, no study has investigated whether individuals scoring high on psychopathy are characterized by problematic patterns of nicotine use, including lifetime history of nicotine dependence.Objectives: The current study aimed to address this gap, specifically investigating whether PCL-R scores were associated with higher total scores from the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).Results: Across both incarcerated men and women, PCL-R total, Factor 2, and Facet 3 (measuring lifestyle/behavioral psychopathic traits) scores were positively correlated with FTND total scores. Additionally, across both samples, hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed these same psychopathy scores remained associated with higher FTND total scores when controlling for additional covariate measures (e.g., age, severity of alcohol and illicit substance use, race, ethnicity, and IQ).Conclusions/Importance: Though associated with small effect sizes, our results support the notion that lifestyle/behavioral psychopathic traits represent a general risk factor for engaging in risky behavior associated with deleterious health consequences, including nicotine use. Our results hold implications for the development of treatment approaches, designed to reduce problematic levels of substance use among individuals scoring high on psychopathy.

Somatosensory experience is an important component of emotion, playing a prominent role in many traditional emotion theories. Nonetheless, and despite the extensive literature on the influence of individual differences in emotional processing, the relation between personality traits and emotion-related somatosensation has received little attention. Here, we addressed this question in a large sample of healthy individuals through the "bodily maps of emotion" behavioural paradigm, in which participants indicated the location and extent of their body sensations for the 6 basic and 4 additional social emotions (contempt, envy, pride, shame). We found that emotional somatosensation in specific body areas, including the heart, the stomach, and the head, was related to specific personality factors, particularly antisocial attitudes and impulsivity. Moreover, the similarity of individual participants' maps to the group-average was likewise negatively correlated with antisocial tendencies. Overall, our results suggest that differences in individuals' sensitivity to somatosensation from different body areas, as well as the typicality of their topographical patterns, may partly underlie variation in higher-order social and affective traits.

Autonomy-supportive teaching increases prosocial and decreases antisocial behavior. Previous research showed that these effects occur because autonomy-supportive teaching improves students' need states (a student-level process). However, the present study investigated whether these effects also occur because autonomy-supportive teaching improves the classroom climate (a classroom-level process). Teachers from 80 physical education classrooms were randomly assigned to participate (or not) in an autonomy-supportive teaching intervention, while their 2,227 secondary-grade students reported their need satisfaction and frustration, supportive and hierarchical classroom climates, and prosocial and antisocial behaviors at the beginning, middle, and end of an academic year. A doubly latent, multilevel structural equation model showed that teacher participation in the intervention (experimental condition) increased class-wide need satisfaction, a supportive climate, and prosocial behavior and decreased class-wide need frustration, a hierarchical climate, and antisocial behavior. Together, greater collective need satisfaction and a more supportive climate combined to explain increased prosocial behavior, while lesser need frustration and a less hierarchical climate combined to explain decreased antisocial behavior. These classroom climate effects have been overlooked, yet they are essential to explain why autonomy-supportive teaching improves students' social functioning.

The manuscript is based on the dispositional approach of employability, dispositional personality trait theories (dark triad, light triad, HEXACO honesty-humility), and reinforcement sensitivity theory. The facet-focused analysis allowed a more targeted interpretation of the results about the contribution of dark/light personalities and self-regulation for employability and a deeper understanding of practical implications. We analyzed the mediating effect of the behavioral activating system (BAS drive) on antisocial and prosocial traits in predicting employability. The convenient research sample consisted of 343 students. Participants completed: The short dark triad, light triad, honesty-humility, dispositional employability, and BIS/BAS. Dark traits explained 17.5% of work/career resilience, 12% of work identity, 6.4% of career motivation, and 6.6% of openness to changes at work. Narcissism explained 20% of work/career resilience. Prosocial traits explained 19.7% of work/career resilience, 16.8% of work identity, 11.8% of career motivation, and 5.3% of openness to changes at work. Modesty explained 10% of career motivation variance. BAS drive mediates predictions of employability by prosocial and antisocial traits. Demanding attention from others and focusing on making a good impression are effective tools for employability. Prosocial traits significant for BAS drive-activated participants (believing in the goodness of people and avoiding fraud and corruption) can be supported in organizations by providing career growth opportunities.

The risk of contracting COVID-19 was a very specific situation of uncertainty and ambi-guity, and of course, cognitively interesting for psychologists studying the determinants of behaviors of different personality types. In this study, we set our sights on trying to find a correlation between adherence to wearing masks and receiving vaccinations and having certain character traits that we thought might influence preventive behavior or not. We focused on the Dark Triad-psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism-as well as social approval and the need for cognition closure, as these traits have previously been linked to heightened conspiracy mentalities. We recruited 159 subjects in the experiment, including 53 male and 106 female participants over the age of 18 to take part in an online survey investigating personality and COVID-19 information. The results confirmed our hypothesis that age, empathy, the need for social approval and other psychological traits are the factors that differentiates people who wear face masks from those who do not. However, it seems impossible to define one set of features that would predispose people to not wear face masks. In our study, the importance of psychological features differed depending on the category of public places. We discuss possible implications of these findings and provide direction for future research.

Different scoring methods have been proposed to identify adolescents with high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits as measured by the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional traits (ICU). This is the first study to scrutinize the usefulness of the normative, empirical, and DSM-5 with Limited Prosocial Emotions (LPE) scoring methods in criminal justice-involved girls (N = 192). Girls (Mage = 15.74) completed the ICU and other self-report questionnaires. A diagnostic interview was used to determine the presence of conduct disorder (CD) and other psychiatric disorders. Official arrest and rearrest data were also collected. The three scoring methods designated girls with (versus without) CU traits who scored higher on various indices of past and future antisocial behavior, exhibited higher rates of (childhood-onset) CD and higher levels of psychopathic traits, and displayed lower levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness. It was only when the normative and empirical scoring methods were applied that girls with CU traits had higher rates of substance use disorders and were less anxious, depressed, and/or neurotic. In a subsample of girls with CD (N = 119), the three scoring methods captured a more severely antisocial subgroup. Other expected group differences emerged, though mainly when the normative scoring method was used. Results provided support for the clinical utility of the three scoring methods but also showed that the normative scoring method most aligns with theoretical expectations. Research is warranted to explore if this normative scoring method serves as a better categorically-defined specifier for CD than the specifier that is incorporated in the DSM-5.

Recidivism places a significant burden on society and efforts aimed at reducing cyclical criminal justice involvement are needed. This prospective study tested the utility of psychopathic traits in predicting general, felony, and substance-related rearrest in women following release from a correctional facility. The extent to which psychopathic traits offered incremental utility in predicting outcomes, above and beyond other established risk factors, including substance use disorder, was examined. Participants included 327 incarcerated adult women who completed comprehensive clinical and psychiatric assessments prior to release from correctional facilities. Psychopathic traits and lifetime substance use disorder were measured using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, respectively. Results showed that general, felony, and substance-related rearrest following institutional release were associated with higher PCL-R Factor 2 scores, assessing lifestyle/behavioral and antisocial/developmental psychopathic traits. Additionally, when controlling for other risk factors associated with recidivism, including age at release, number of prior adult prison terms, and substance use disorder, higher PCL-R Factor 2 scores remained significantly associated with rearrest outcomes in women. Findings inform risk prediction and treatment efforts aimed at reducing recidivism in justice-involved women. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychopathy is an important forensic mental health construct. Despite this importance, the research base of psychopathy among individuals convicted of capital murder is limited. Archival data were collected from a sample of 636 persons convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death in the State of California. Psychopathy was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) instrument. Data on criminal careers and other behavioral disorders were also extracted. The sample mean PCL-R total score was 23.31 (SD = 9.92) and one-third of individuals in this sample were considered clinically psychopathic with PCL-R total scores of 30 or greater. Factor analytic examination yielded support for four facets: affective, interpersonal, lifestyle, and antisocial. Criterion validity findings revealed positive correlations of psychopathy scores with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ρ = 0.72), Conduct Disorder (ρ = 0.46), sexual sadism (ρ = 0.24), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ρ = 0.20), ADHD (ρ = 0.15), arrest charges (r = 0.56), prison sentences (r = 0.53), and age of arrest onset (r = -0.57). Individuals convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death reflect heterogeneity in psychopathy with some individuals exhibiting pronounced psychopathic features.

The aim of this study was to use longitudinal population-based data to examine the associations between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and risk for adverse outcomes in multiple life domains across adulthood. In 937 individuals followed from birth to age 45y, we assessed associations between CSA (retrospectively reported at age 26y) and the experience of 22 adverse outcomes in seven domains (physical, mental, sexual, interpersonal, economic, antisocial, multi-domain) from young adulthood to midlife (26 to 45y). Analyses controlled for sex, socioeconomic status, prospectively reported child harm and household dysfunction adverse childhood experiences, and adult sexual assault, and considered different definitions of CSA. After adjusting for confounders, CSA survivors were more likely than their peers to experience internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorders, suicide attempts, health risk behaviors, systemic inflammation, poor oral health, sexually transmitted diseases, high-conflict relationships, benefit use, financial difficulties, antisocial behavior, and cumulative problems across multiple domains in adulthood. In sum, CSA was associated with multiple persistent problems across adulthood, even after adjusting for confounding life stressors, and the risk for particular problems incremented with CSA severity. The higher risk for most specific problems was small to moderate, but the cumulative long-term effects across multiple domains reflect considerable individual and societal burden.

This study investigated whether drug dealing juvenile offenders in Belgium differ from non-drug dealers in levels of violent and non-violent offending behaviors, aggression, substance use, and mental health needs. The current study examined data from 226 16- to 17-year-old male juvenile offenders. Information relating to drug dealing, substance use, and mental health needs were collected through self-report questionnaires. A structured diagnostic interview was used to collect information about past violent and non-violent behaviors. Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis of variance compared non-dealers and dealers and explored if hard-drug dealers and soft-drug dealers differed from each other. Relative to non-drug dealers, drug dealers engaged in more violent offending behaviors, exhibited higher levels of aggression, substance use and oppositional defiant problems, and displayed lower levels of anxiety. Soft- and hard-drug dealers did not differ from each other. To conclude, detained drug dealers are characterized by severe antisocial behavior.

Objective Mental health services for persons presenting a first episode of psychosis include specialized interventions that are effective in treating psychosis, but they do not include treatments that prevent aggressive behaviour (AB). This article presents the results of studies in an effort to incite these services to evaluate the risk of AB and to intervene rapidly to prevent these behaviours as well as treating the psychotic disorder. Method This article presents a narrative review of the scientific studies. We have reviewed publications in French and English reporting studies, reviews, and meta-analyses focused on the antecedents, correlates, and effective treatments for AB and criminality of persons described as presenting severe mental disorder, schizophrenia, or a first episode of psychosis. Results The review of scientific studies confirms that persons developing or presenting schizophrenia are at increased risk to engage in AB, crime, and homicide relative to the general population. Before a first episode of psychosis approximately one third of patients display AB. One subgroup of these persons, those who present the highest risk of AB and criminality, have a history of conduct disorder since childhood. Another subgroup who also begin engaging in AB before a first episode of psychosis display AB as anxiety and positive symptoms increase. The association between positive psychotic symptoms and AB varies according to the phase of illness and the age of onset of AB. Further, other factors such as substance misuse (especially cannabis use), difficulty in recognizing emotions in the faces of others, impulsivity, and physical victimization are related to AB. In addition to effective treatments for psychosis and social skill training, treatment programs aimed at preventing AB and antisocial behaviours, and the associated factors are needed, as well as interventions that aim to reduce victimization. Conclusion The extant literature identifies different profiles of patients and factors associated with AB that can be identified at a first episode of psychosis. Consequently, first episode services could play an important role in preventing AB. To do this, they would need to simultaneously treat the psychosis and the AB. The implementation of such treatments would involve challenges such as convincing treatment teams of the benefits of such an approach and convincing patients needing these treatments to comply. Increasing patients' motivation and compliance remains an important challenge.

It is unclear at present whether psychopathic tendencies are associated with lower or higher levels of emotional awareness (EA). Given that psychopathy includes a proficiency for manipulating others, one might expect an elevated ability to identify and use information about others' emotions. On the other hand, empathic deficits in psychopathy could arise from reduced emotional awareness. Further, heterogeneity in psychopathy may also play a role, wherein 'secondary' psychopathy is associated with early adversity and high negative affect, while 'primary' psychopathy is not. In this paper, we tested the relationship between EA and psychopathic tendencies in 177 undergraduate students (40 males) who completed the levels of emotional awareness scale (LEAS), the triarchic psychopathy measure (TPM), the affective (empathy-related) subscales of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and two measures of early adversity: the childhood experiences of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA) and the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). We found that lower LEAS scores were associated with higher TPM and lower IRI empathy scores, but these relationships were primarily present in those with early adversity and high negative affect. This suggests that lower EA may be selectively associated with higher levels of secondary psychopathy, while those with higher levels of primary psychopathy remain capable of higher EA.

Antisocial behaviours such as disobedience, lying, stealing, destruction of property, and aggression towards others are common to multiple disorders of childhood and adulthood, including conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, psychopathy, and antisocial personality disorder. These disorders have a significant negative impact for individuals and for society, but whether they represent clinically different phenomena, or simply different approaches to diagnosing the same underlying psychopathology is highly debated. Computational psychiatry, with its dual focus on identifying different classes of disorder and health (data-driven) and latent cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms (theory-driven), is well placed to address these questions. The elucidation of mechanisms that might characterise latent processes across different disorders of antisocial behaviour can also provide important advances. In this review, we critically discuss the contribution of computational research to our understanding of various antisocial behaviour disorders, and highlight suggestions for how computational psychiatry can address important clinical and scientific questions about these disorders in the future.

The feelings of reward associated with social interaction help to motivate social behaviour and influence preferences for different types of social contact. In two studies conducted in a general population sample, we investigated self-reported and experimentally-assessed social reward processing in personality spectra with prominent interpersonal features, namely schizotypy and psychopathy. Study 1 (n = 154) measured social reward processing using the Social Reward Questionnaire, and a modified version of a Monetary and Social Incentive Delay Task. Study 2 (n = 42; a subsample of Study 1) investigated social reward processing using a Social Reward Subtype Incentive Delay Task. Our results show that schizotypy (specifically Cognitive-Perceptual dimension) and psychopathy (specifically Lifestyle dimension) are associated with diverging responses to social scenarios involving large gatherings or meeting new people (Sociability), with reduced processing in schizotypy and heightened processing in psychopathy. No difference, however, occurred for other social scenarios-with similar patterns of increased antisocial (Negative Social Potency) and reduced prosocial (Admiration, Sociability) reward processing across schizotypy and psychopathy dimensions. Our findings contribute new knowledge on social reward processing within these personality spectra and, with the important exception of Sociability, highlight potentially converging patterns of social reward processing in association with schizotypy and psychopathy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a condition largely represented in detention centers where can reach a prevalence of 60% in male prisoners. The objective of this study is to identify the clinical and demographic factors that differentiate subjects with APD and hosted in penitentiary with respect to those are treated in outpatient psychiatric clinics. We recruited 65 male patients affected by APD, whose 26 were followed up in community mental health services and 39 were serving their sentence in a detention center located in Monza. Socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained through a review of the clinical charts, and interviews with patients or their relatives (if available). We performed descriptive analyses on the total sample, then we compared the two groups identified by the type of setting (outpatient clinic vs. penitentiary) by independent sample t tests (quantitative variables) or χ2 tests (qualitative ones). For qualitative variables odds ratios (ORs) were also calculated. Outpatients with APD (with respect to those hosted in the detention center) resulted: to be older (p = .02), to be less likely married (p = .01), to have more pre-onset psychiatric comorbidity (p = .05), to have more pre-onset substance poly-misuse (p = .01), to have more previous psychiatric hospitalizations (p < .01), and to be less likely to have received lifetime psychotherapy (p < .01). Globally, the results of this study show how the presence of psychiatric comorbidity or substance abuse (with the probable access to psychiatric services) before the onset of APD prevents imprisonment. This aspect is even more surprising when we consider that the two groups of patients show no differences in the frequency of crimes. Future research will have to confirm if early mental health care can really limit the access to penitentiary of subjects affected by APD.

Cocaine use could be modulated by drug expectancies based on previously experienced subjective effects. Some patients perceive a paradoxical calming effect after cocaine use. This study was performed to explore cocaine effect expectancies in patients diagnosed with cocaine use disorder, with and without co-occurring adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Secondly, we sought to empirically determine the presence of this paradoxical calming effect after cocaine use in patients with co-occurring adult ADHD to identify the individuals most at risk of cocaine use and relapse. Cross-sectional study using a consecutive sampling method of patients diagnosed with cocaine use disorder (n = 221) treated at public therapeutic communities in Andalusia (Spain). Participants completed a battery of instruments to assess the following variables: cocaine effect expectancies, paradoxical calming effect, adult ADHD, and other co-occurring psychiatric disorders. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that two variables, the paradoxical calming effect and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), were independently associated with the probability of being diagnosed with adult ADHD (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.88-6.26 and OR = 3.42, 95% CI = 1.30-8.95, respectively). The presence of a paradoxical calming reaction to cocaine and/or a diagnosis of ASPD in patients with cocaine use disorder increases the diagnostic suspicion of co-occurring adult ADHD.