Atherosclerotic disease of the vessels is a significant problem affecting mortality and morbidity all over the world. However, dilatation of the vessels either in the arterial system or in the venous territory is another vessel disease. Varicocele, pelvic, and peripheral varicose veins and hemorrhoids are aneurysms of the venous vascular regions and have been defined as dilating venous disease, recently. Coronary artery ectasia, intracranial aneurysm, and abdominal aortic aneurysm are examples of arterial dilating vascular diseases. Mostly, they have been defined as variants of atherosclerosis. Although there are some similarities in terms of pathogenesis, they are distinct from atherosclerotic disease of the vessels. In addition, pathophysiological and histological similarities and clinical coexistence of these diseases have been demonstrated both in the arterial and in the venous system. This situation underlies the thought that dilatation of the vessels in any vascular territory should be considered as a systemic vessel wall disease rather than being a local disease of any vessel. These patients should be evaluated for other dilating vascular diseases in a systematic manner.

Although endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a feasible option for high risk patients resulting in lower perioperative mortality when compared with open repair, the need for re-intervention and long-term follow-up affects its use. The aim of the current report is to present two cases of patients with Type IIIa endoleak from limb disconnection (one patient with double-bilateral endoleak) combined with a late Type II endoleak and symptomatic sac growth treated in our department. We also perform a literature review about Type III endoleaks and their treatment options.

Fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR) stent grafting is a minimally invasive procedure and an alternative to open surgical repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, particularly with unideal neck anatomy. Planning and implementing a custom FEVAR graft is complicated, requiring advanced training and years of practice. As such, a method for creating a patient-specific, to-scale, cost-effective, 3-dimensional abdominal aortic aneurysm model for use in preoperative planning is presented. The model can be used to help physicians create custom FEVAR grafts, thus eliminating the currently used difficult and technical method for creating custom grafts. It also can assist physicians in visualizing and practicing their surgical approach for a specific patient.

Aortic pulse-wave-velocity (aPWV) is a measure for arterial stiffness, which is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Recent evidence suggests aPWV increases after endograft-placement for aortic aneurysms. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different aortic endoprostheses on aPWV and structural stiffness in vitro. 
 Approach: Three different abdominal aortic endoprostheses (AFX, Endurant II, and Nellix) were implanted in identical silicone aneurysm models. One model was left untreated, and another model contained an aortic tube graft (Gelweave). The models were placed in an in vitro flow set-up that mimics physiological flow. aPWV was measured as the transit time of the pressure wave over the flow trajectory of the suprarenal to iliac segment. Structural stiffness corrected for lumen diameter was calculated for each model.
 Results: aPWV was significantly lower for the control compared to the AFX, Endurant, Nellix and tube graft models (13.00±1.20, 13.40±1.17, 18.18±1.20, 16.19±1.25 and 15.41±0.87m/s, respectively (P<0.05)). Structural stiffness of the AFX model was significant lower compared to the control model (4718N/m versus 5115N/m (P<0.001), respectively), whereas all other models showed higher structural stiffness.
 Significance: Endograft placement resulted in a higher aPWV compared to a non-treated aortic flow model. All models showed increased structural stiffness over the flow trajectory compared to the control model, except for the AFX endoprosthesis. Future studies in patients treated with an endograft are needed to evaluate the current results in vivo.

Although intravesical therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has proven its efficiency in the treatment of early-stage bladder cancer, infectious complications can occur and mycotic aneurysms represent a rare but life-threatening complication. Here, we report the case of an aortic graft infection in a patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm who received BCG instillations for the treatment of bladder cancer. Based on the current knowledge on this rare vascular complication, we discuss factors that may have contributed to its occurrence and review issues to optimize its management and early detection.