Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common disease in the oral cavity characterized by recurrent ulcers (RU). Usually, these cause acute pain without definitive treatment. The present study determines the efficacy of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for treating RU. NTP is applied to the patient's RU using a radiofrequency generator connected to a point reactor. The power density applied to the ulcer is 0.50 W/cm2, less than 4 W/cm2, which is the maximum value without biological risk. Each patient received two treatments of three minutes each and spaced 60 min apart at a distance of 5 mm from the RU. From a sample of 30 ulcers in patients treated for RU with an average age of 37 years, they stated that the pain decreased considerably and without the need for ingestion of analgesics and antibiotics. Regeneration took place in an average of three days. The NTP proved to be an excellent therapeutic alternative for the treatment of RU since it has a rapid effect of reducing pain and inflammation, as well as adequate tissue regeneration.

This article summarises common oral lesions that clinicians may face in everyday practice by categorising them by clinical presentation: ulcerated lesions, white or mixed white-red lesions, lumps and bumps, and pigmented lesions. The pathologies covered include recurrent aphthous stomatitis, herpes simplex virus, oral squamous cell carcinoma, geographic tongue, oral candidosis, oral lichen planus, pre-malignant disorders, pyogenic granuloma, mucocele and squamous cell papilloma, oral melanoma, hairy tongue and amalgam tattoo. The objective of this review is to improve clinician knowledge and confidence in assessing and managing common oral lesions presenting in the primary care setting.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of licorice gargle juice on aphthous ulcers, which is a common and painful disease that causes loss of normal mucous tissues and results in inflammatory ulcers in the oral mucosa. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial involving primary care patients suffering from aphthous ulcer was performed. The intervention group received licorice gargle juice for 1 and 2 days. Of the 54 patients that participated in the study, 30 were included in the intervention group and 24 in the placebo group. A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the patients' self-assessed pain levels before and after treatment. Statistical analyses were performed by using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The licorice gargle juice group had a significantly reduced pain level rate compared with the placebo group at day 1 (mean VAS, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.95-2.98] vs. 4.75 [3.96-5.54]; P<0.001) and day 2 (mean VAS, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.81-1.32] vs. 4.08 [3.23-4.94]; P<0.001).The current study indicates that licorice gargle juice rapidly reduce pain and healing time and thus can improve the quality of life of a patient with aphthous ulcer.

In this study, we present a case of Behcet's colitis that caused acute inflammation in the gallbladder and mimicked the clinical picture of an acute abdomen: severe right-sided abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and tenderness in the right hypochondrium, right flank, right loin, and right iliac fossa (RIF), with severely elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. The picture of acute acalculous cholecystitis and acute abdomen was resolved after three days of antibiotic therapy. Then, the pain mainly was localized in the right flank and loin, with mild pain in the right iliac fossa, with positive Rovsing's and psoas signs. The pain in the right flank, loin, and RIF dramatically subsided after initiating a low dose of steroid injections. The colonoscopy, which was performed after the marked improvement of the patient's general condition, showed large, deep ulcers with severe colitis in the proximal transverse colon and the ascending colon. There was no cobblestone appearance. The histopathology of the colonoscopic biopsy showed surface ulceration with marked inflammatory infiltrates, mainly neutrophils, and no granulomas were found. The acid-fast bacillus (AFB) test was reported negative. Detailed history-taking, repeated clinical examinations, laboratory studies, and careful interpretation of ultrasound (US) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) findings may prevent unnecessary surgical interventions in such fragile patients and lead to a better prognosis. A diagnosis of Behcet's colitis was made, taking into consideration the patient's past medical history, mucocutaneous lesions, and US, CECT, colonoscopic, and histopathology findings. Although there are no specific investigations and tests for Behcet's colitis, sparing of the rectosigmoid area, the absence of cobblestone appearance, the presence of deep, large round ulcers, patchy localization of the lesions, the absence of granulomas, and negative AFB are helpful for confidently excluding other specific colitis such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal tuberculosis (TB), diverticulitis, and ischemic colitis. In our view, in the differential diagnosis of the non-surgical cause of acute abdomen, Behcet's colitis must be considered among other rare causes, such as inferior myocardial infarction, diabetic ketoacidosis, sickle cell disease, familial Mediterranean fever, and acute intermittent porphyria, especially for the population of Mediterranean coast and Middle East countries.

Oral inflammatory diseases, including oral lichen planus (OLP) and recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), seriously affect the patient's quality of life. Due to the lack of ideal disease models, it is difficult to determine whether novel immunotherapy strategies are effective in treating oral inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that the deficiency of Foxp3 or IL-2 caused oral mucosa inflammation in mice, proving that Treg cells are important in maintaining the immune homeostasis in the oral mucosa. Then we determined that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25-CD45Rbhigh T cells could induce oral inflammation in Rag1 -/- mice, and co-transfer of Treg cells together with CD4+CD25-CD45Rbhigh T cells could suppress the development of oral inflammation in this mouse model. Our study showed that adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25-CD45Rbhigh T cells into Rag1 -/- mice could be a novel disease model of oral inflammation. Our data provides direct evidence that Treg cell therapy is effective in suppressing oral mucosa inflammation in mice. Therefore, Treg cell therapy may be a promising novel strategy to treat oral inflammatory diseases.

Childhood diseases are a continuous source of interest in all areas of general and dental medicine. Congenital, developmental, and hereditary diseases may either be present upon birth or appear in early childhood. Developmental anomalies, although often asymptomatic, may become grounds for different infections. Furthermore, they can indicate certain systemic disorders. Childhood age frequently brings about benign tumors and different types of traumatic lesions to the oral mucosa. Traumatic lesions can be caused by chemical, mechanical, or thermal injury. Mucocele and ranula are, by definition, traumatic injuries of the salivary glands or their ducts. Recurrent aphthous lesions are the most common type of ulcerations in childhood, and their etiology is considered multifactorial. Oral mucosal lesions in children require different treatment approaches depending on etiological factors and clinical presentation. Clinicians should have adequate knowledge of oral anatomy in order to diagnose and treat pathological conditions.

Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), one of the most common diseases in humans, has an unknown etiology and is difficult to treat. Thalidomide is an important immunomodulatory and antitumor drug and its effects on the gut microbiota still remain unclear. We conducted a metagenomic sequencing study of fecal samples from a cohort of individuals with RAU, performed biochemical assays of cytokines, immunoglobulins and antimicrobial peptides in serum and saliva, and investigated the regulation effects of thalidomide administration and withdrawal. Meanwhile we constructed the corresponding prediction models. Our metagenome-wide association results indicated that gut dysbacteriosis, microbial dysfunction and immune imbalance occurred in RAU patients. Thalidomide regulated gut dysbacteriosis in a species-specific manner and had different sustainable effects on various probiotics and pathogens. A previously unknown association between gut microbiota alterations and RAU was found, and the specific roles of thalidomide in modulating the gut microbiota and immunity were determined, suggesting that RAU may be affected by targeting gut dysbacteriosis and modifying immune imbalance. In-depth insights into sophisticated networks consisting of the gut microbiota and host cells may lead to the development of emerging treatments, including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics.

Background Recurrent aphthous ulcers are one of the most common lesions of the oral mucosa. Most currently available treatment methods aim to relieve symptoms, speed up healing and prevent ulcer recurrence. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Aloe vera gel with that of amlexanox 5% oral paste in the treatment of recurrent small-type aphthous ulcers. Materials and Methods The study was conducted on 60 patients (27 males and 33 females) attending the Department of Oral Medicine at the Faculty of Dentistry at Damascus University. The sample age ranged between 15 to 25 years, with an average age of 20.3 ± 2.4 years. Patients were diagnosed with recurrent aphthous ulcers of the small type. The sample was divided into three groups with equal numbers of patients (n=20 for each group) according to the provided drug: Aloe vera, amlexanox, and the placebo groups. Patients' ulcer size was measured on day 0 of treatment, and the ulcer size reduction was assessed on day 3 and day 5. The pain was also recorded at the first visit, and then pain reduction was assessed during follow-up visits. Results The mean ulcer size on the fifth day of treatment was 1.85 mm2, 4.05 mm2, and 6.20 mm2 in the Aloe vera, the amlexanox, and the placebo groups, respectively. The differences between groups were significant (p=0.003). The mean pain on the fifth day was 0.80 cm, 1.60 cm, and 3.20 cm in the Aloe vera, the amlexanox, and the placebo groups, respectively. The differences between groups were significant (p=0.026). Conclusions Within the limits of the current trial, both treatment groups proved effective in accelerating ulcer healing with the superiority of Aloe vera compared to amlexanox, as it achieved a greater reduction in ulcer size and pain when assessed on the fifth day of treatment.

Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting any portion of the gastrointestinal tract, usually the terminal ileum and the colon, with clinical manifestations such as diarrhea, fever, and weight loss. Clinical presentation of CD may include complications such as enterovesical fistulas, abscesses, strictures, and perianal disease. CD also classically presents with "skipping lesions," unlike ulcerative colitis (UC), which presents with continuous lesions. It can manifest with a wide range of extra-intestinal symptoms such as pyoderma gangrenosum, aphthous stomatitis, episcleritis, uveitis, and arthritic disease. Such a wide range of presentations leads to diagnostic difficulties, as seen in this case. Treatment modalities include steroids, antibiotics, and surgical removal of affected parts, depending on the extent of the disease. Here, we present a case of a young male who presented with manifestations of mesenteric lymphadenitis and had an intraluminal cecal mass causing obstructive symptoms, and was subsequently diagnosed with CD.

Aphthous ulcers are very common disorders among different age groups and are very noxious and painful. The incidence of aphthous ulcer recurrence is very high and it may even last for a maximum of 6 days and usually, patients cannot stand its pain. This study aims to prepare a buccoadhesive fast dissolving film containing Corchorus olitorius seed extract to treat recurrent minor aphthous ulceration (RMAU) in addition to clinical experiments on human volunteers. An excision wound model was used to assess the in vivo wound healing potential of Corchorus olitorius L. seed extract, with a focus on wound healing molecular targets such as TGF-, TNF-, and IL-1. In addition, metabolomic profiling using HR-LCMS for the crude extract of Corchorus olitorius seeds was explored. Moreover, molecular docking experiments were performed to elucidate the binding confirmation of the isolated compounds with three molecular targets (TNF-α, IL-1β, and GSK3). Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant potential of C. olitorius seed extract using both H2O2 and superoxide radical scavenging activity was examined. Clinical experiments on human volunteers revealed the efficiency of the prepared C. olitorius seeds buccal fast dissolving film (CoBFDF) in relieving pain and wound healing of RMAU. Moreover, the wound healing results revealed that C. olitorius seed extract enhanced wound closure rates (p ≤ 0.001), elevated TGF-β levels and significantly downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β in comparison to the Mebo-treated group. The phenotypical results were supported by biochemical and histopathological findings, while metabolomic profiling using HR-LCMS for the crude extract of Corchorus olitorius seeds yielded a total of 21 compounds belonging to diverse chemical classes. Finally, this study highlights the potential of C. olitorius seed extract in wound repair uncovering the most probable mechanisms of action using in silico analysis.

The present study detected differences in the oral mucosal flora in healthy people and patients diagnosed with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) using the 16S ribosomal RNA high-throughput sequencing (rRNA-seq). All samples were collected from the lower lip mucosa of 100 healthy individuals and 100 patients with RAS. After the extraction, DNA was subjected to PCR amplification for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, before subjecting to high-throughput sequencing, and matched to a database. Most bacterial species and most unique bacteria were from the healthy control group, and the amount of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) calculated was similar in the ulcer and nonulcer sites. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were most abundant in the healthy group and in ulcer, nonulcer, and healed ulcer sites at the phylum level. Meanwhile, the number of Prevotella was significantly elevated in ulcer sites (P < 0.05). Healthy people had more species of bacteria inhabiting their oral mucosa than did RAS patients, and patients with ulcers had the lowest abundance of bacterial species. We suggest that the number of Prevotella is associated with RAS.

Contemporary literature has revealed that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes acute sialadenitis and related symptoms, such as discomfort, pain, swelling, and secretory dysfunction in salivary glands. The secretory dysfunction is due to SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced xerostomia and other associated clinical courses such as sore tongue, mucosal ulcer, and gingivitis in the oral cavity. Furthermore, it has been reported that COVID-19 causes the development of other oral manifestations.