Patients with acute vestibular disorders are often a diagnostic challenge for neurologists, especially when the evaluation must be conducted remotely. The clinical dilemma remains: Does the patient have a benign peripheral inner ear problem or a worrisome central vestibular disorder, such as a stroke? The use of a focused history and the virtual HINTS (head impulse test, nystagmus evaluation, and test of skew) examination are key steps towards correctly diagnosing and triaging the acute vertiginous patient. When looking for signs of vestibulo-ocular dysfunction, there are important technological and practical considerations for an effective clinical interpretation.

Andrographolide sulfonic acid sodium salt (ASS) was synthesized to increase the the solubility of Andrographolide in aqueous solution. We have studied its pharmacological effect of antibiosis, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation. Cylinder-plate method was used to study ASS׳s in vitro antibacterial activity, and its protection for mice infected by Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae. Various inflammation models, including the auricular edema induced by xylene in mice, CMC-Na induced air pounch model and the paw edema induced by albumen in rats were used to explore the characteristic of ASS׳s anti-inflammation effect. We built up the immune model by injecting chicken red cells in enter celiac of mice and study the effect of ASS on immunoregulation, taking andrographolide as the positive control. bacteriostasis in vivo and in vitro experiments show that ASS has a weak antibacterial effect and no bactericidal effect, but can reduce the mice mortality of Staphylococcus aureus infected. Anti-inflammatory experiments show that ASS can reduce the mouse ear swelling induced by xylene and rat paw swelling induced by egg albumin, and lessen leukocytes in air bag caused by CMCNa, and lower IL1 not ably in rat serum. Immune tests indicate that ASS can get spleen and thymus gain weight and increase rate of abdominal macrophage phagocytosis of mice. The result of bacteriostasis shows that ASS has weak in vitro antibacterial effect. ASS shows significant effects of anti-inflammation and improving immunity, thus enables the mice against bacteria better.

Neuronal responses to electrical stimulation at the horizontal ampulla (HA), vestibular nerve (at the windows) and corpus callosum (CC) were investigated in neurons in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus of the cat. The field potentials to HA stimulation had short latency: 2.9 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SD) ms from the stimulus to the onset and 5.6 +/- 1.9 ms to the peak. The focus of the evoked potentials was located in the anterior suprasylvian (ASS) gyrus or near the ASS sulcus. HA stimulation activated 6 neurons out of 674 examined, with the mean latency of 4.3 +/- 1.1 ms. Of these 6, four neurons also responded to window stimulation. Fifty-six neurons responded to window stimulation with the mean latency of 6.1 +/- 2.4 ms. The mean latency for CC stimulation was 1.9 +/- 0.9 ms (n = 76). Four neurons responded to CC stimulation antidromically (mean = 0.9 +/- 0.3 ms) and one of them also responded orthodromically. The convergence of CC inputs in relation to HA or window stimulation was examined. One (17%) of the 6 HA-activated cells responded to CC stimulation, compared with 8 (14%) of the 56 neurons activated by window stimulation. The other 612 neurons did not respond to either HA or window stimulation, and 80 (13%) of the 612 responded to CC stimulation. Therefore, it is concluded that neurons in the ASS gyrus received callosal input equally irrespective of the presence or absence of responses to ampulla or window stimulation. WGA-HRP was injected in the ASS gyrus to identify the passing callosal fibers in the CC. Fibers from the ASS area passed at the rostral third of the CC. The present results indicate that the ASS area received vestibular projection with short latency, but responses of this projection did not seem to be very strong, at least from the present unit study, to HA stimulation. Discussion was made on the poor neuronal responses to electrical HA stimulation in comparison with previous studies. Also consideration was made on neuronal activity to CC stimulation.

Single cell activity was recorded from the Anterior Suprasylvian (ASS) gyrus of cats trained to orient their gaze toward visual or auditory stimuli. Sixty-five fixation cells were activated or suppressed as long as the animals were attentive to a particular region of space in the tangential or in the radial direction. Most of these fixation cells were neither light nor sound sensitive. Fifty-five cells were activated in relation to saccades. Fourteen neurons were active before and 41 after the onset of saccades. Nineteen neurons were also active with spontaneous eye movements in the dark. Fifteen neurons were seemingly related to vergence. They were not light-sensitive. They were preferentially activated by visual stimuli moving in the radial direction either towards or away from animal's face. Fifty light-sensitive neurons responded to moving stimuli. Only two neurons responded to onset of eccentric stationary light-stimuli. Fifty-one neurons showed a modulation in relation to vestibular stimulation. A majority showed, in addition, a vestibulo-collic response. These data suggest that the ASS gyrus in cats has a major role in the construction of the behavioral space.

The present study provides evidence that during whole-body rotation and during isolated rotation of either the head or the trunk, essentially the same processing of labyrinthine and neck afferent inputs takes place in neurons of the cat's ASS cortex and in humans who try to distinguish these stimulus conditions. This processing includes, among others (1) measurement of angular velocity and displacement during labyrinthine stimulation (whole-body rotation); (2) indication of trunk rotation as well as of an apparent head rotation in the opposite direction during neck stimulation (isolated trunk rotation); and (3) subtraction as well as addition of labyrinthine and neck afferent inputs during combined stimulation (isolated head rotation). Subtraction provides a basis for the discrimination between whole-body rotation and isolated head rotation; addition may optimize the indication of movement and position of the head in space.