This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about breast cancer prevention. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Colorectal cancer is caused by the interaction of genetic and environment factors. Domestic and foreign scholars have attempted to develop several colorectal cancer risk prediction models, in order to identity risk factors, to screen for high risk population and evaluate the risk of developing colorectal cancer, so as to provide personalized screening protocols for individuals with different risk, and eventually reduce the incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer. Currently, the common colorectal cancer risk prediction models were mainly developed based on case-control study and cohort study. Models developed in European and American regions and Asia (excluding China) only include common risk factors, while Chinese models also include hereditary factors on the bases of common risk factors. However, the development and verification of each model are mainly based on local population, whether it can be applied for other population need to be determined. This article reviews the development, validation and evaluation of the risk prediction models, in order to provide a basis for developing more precise risk prediction models for colorectal cancer.

In developed countries, colorectal cancer represents one of the most common malignancy. Screening of colorectal cancer, as a tool of secondary prevention, lead to reduction of the incidence and mortality of this disease. It allows to capture not only the precancerous lesions, but also the earlier stages of colorectal cancer, which can be effectively treated. In the Czech Republic the National colorectal cancer screening program was launched in 2000. It is focused to asymptomatic individuals over 50 years old, who have a negative personal and family history of colorectal neoplasia. The basic tools of colorectal cancer screening in the Czech Republic include fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. Introduction a population based screening program by addressed invitation in 2014 led to increase the participation of the target population for screening. Key words: address invitation - colorectal cancer - epidemiology - population based screening - screening tests.

Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is a public health priority in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer. Migrants account for a disproportionate number of HCV cases in the EU/EEA (mean 14% of cases and >50% of cases in some countries). We conducted two systematic reviews (SR) to estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of HCV screening for migrants living in the EU/EEA. We found that screening tests for HCV are highly sensitive and specific. Clinical trials report direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapies are well-tolerated in a wide range of populations and cure almost all cases (>95%) and lead to an 85% lower risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma and an 80% lower risk of all-cause mortality. At 2015 costs, DAA based regimens were only moderately cost-effective and as a result less than 30% of people with HCV had been screened and less 5% of all HCV cases had been treated in the EU/EEA in 2015. Migrants face additional barriers in linkage to care and treatment due to several patient, practitioner, and health system barriers. Although decreasing HCV costs have made treatment more accessible in the EU/EEA, HCV elimination will only be possible in the region if health systems include and treat migrants for HCV.