Premenstrual symptoms occur in the late luteal phase as a result of differential sensitivity to normal hormonal fluctuations. These symptoms can include mood symptoms such as mood lability, anxiety, sadness or irritability as well as physical symptoms such as lethargy, bloating and breast tenderness. Symptoms can significantly impact quality of life, particularly in patients with the more severe form of premenstrual symptoms, PMDD. Importantly, symptoms should improve or resolve in the follicular phase. Evidence-based treatment options include SSRIs or hormonal suppression of ovulation with COCs or GnRH agonists.

ObjectivePelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a vascular cause of chronic pelvic pain arising from ovarian and pelvic venous insufficiency, typically presenting as dull, aching pelvic pain that worsens with prolonged standing, physical activity, and the premenstrual period, and is particularly common among multiparous women of reproductive age. Online health information on this condition is frequently accessed by both patients and healthcare professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the readability, quality, and reliability of responses generated by three popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots-ChatGPT-4o, Gemini, and Perplexity-regarding the most commonly asked questions on PCS.MethodsFrom 25 PCS-related keywords identified through Google Trends, duplicates and irrelevant terms were excluded, yielding a final set of 18 keywords. These were separately submitted to the three AI chatbots. Readability was assessed using the Gunning Fog Index (GFOG), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), among other indices, calculated via two independent readability tools. Quality was measured using the Global Quality Score (GQS) and the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool, while reliability was assessed with the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the modified DISCERN instrument.ResultsReadability analyses revealed that all chatbot responses significantly exceeded the sixth-grade level recommended by the AMA and NIH (p < .001). ChatGPT-4o achieved the highest readability on the CLI and ARI, whereas Gemini performed better on the remaining indices, and Perplexity consistently produced the most complex responses. Among the three evaluated freely accessible platforms, Perplexity achieved the highest scores on several quality and reliability measures (JAMA, DISCERN, and GQS), while Gemini outperformed the others on EQIP scoring.ConclusionAlthough AI chatbots hold promise for providing accessible information on PCS, their readability levels remain above recommended standards, and overall quality scores are suboptimal. Producing clearer, more balanced, and more reliable content could enhance the contribution of these technologies to public health.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common among women of reproductive age and are associated with academic performance and general well-being at the university level. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of PMS and PMDD and their associations with academic, psychological, and well-being outcomes among female medical and health sciences students. Searches were conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE via Ovid, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and EBSCOhost, through which Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published between January 2014 and December 2024. Of 317 identified records, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria; all were observational and cross-sectional. Prevalence estimates varied widely, with PMS ranging from 37.0% to 86.2% and probable PMDD from 13.8% to 66.9%. All PMDD estimates were based on questionnaire screening rather than prospective diagnostic confirmation and therefore represent screening-positive cases rather than confirmed diagnoses. Premenstrual symptoms were associated with impaired concentration, absenteeism, reduced class participation, lower perceived academic performance, and poorer psychological well-being. Associated factors included severe dysmenorrhea, family history, academic stress, irregular or shorter menstrual cycles, and low physical activity. The cross-sectional designs, heterogeneous diagnostic criteria, and varying outcome measures limit causal inference and generalizability. PMS and probable PMDD are associated with poorer academic performance and well-being among female medical and health sciences students. Universities should consider proportionate supportive responses, including menstrual health education, access to health services and counseling, and appropriate academic or social support. Future research should employ standardized diagnostic and outcome measures and prospective study designs.

Low-grade chronic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many gynecological diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), uterine fibroids, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and endometriosis. The aim of this paper was to present the assumptions of the anti-inflammatory diet and review the current state of knowledge about its potential importance in these diseases. An anti-inflammatory diet based on increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, fiber and polyphenols, while reducing the intake of pro-inflammatory foods, has the potential to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and alleviate clinical symptoms. The Mediterranean diet has the best documented dietary model with anti-inflammatory effects. Available scientific data indicate the beneficial effect of dietary interventions on the hormonal and metabolic profile of PCOS, pain severity in uterine fibroids and endometriosis and the exacerbation of somatic and affective discomfort in PMS/PMDD. However, the quality of scientific evidence remains variable, and an anti-inflammatory diet should be considered an adjunct to standard treatment, rather than an alternative to it. Further randomized clinical trials are required to conclusively define the role of individual components of the anti-inflammatory diet in this disease group.

BackgroundThis study investigated variables associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Menstrual Pain in women of childbearing age to provide foundational data for improving quality of life.ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine variables associated with premenstrual syndrome and menstrual pain among women of childbearing age.DesignA cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used.MethodsA survey of 245 women of childbearing age in the metropolitan area was conducted using online questionnaires. The data were analyzed with independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression to identify factors associated with premenstrual syndrome and menstrual pain.ResultsIn the bivariate analyses, sleep quality, perceived daily stress, menstrual flow, analgesic use frequency, timing of severe menstrual pain, family history of perimenstrual discomfort, depression (CES-D), and perceived stress (PSS) were significantly associated with both PMS and menstrual pain (p < 0.05). In the multiple regression analyses, PMS was associated with VAS (B = 5.180, 95% CI: 3.33 to 7.03), CES-D (B = 1.395, 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.82), family history of perimenstrual discomfort (B = 9.987, 95% CI: 1.12 to 18.86), and timing of severe menstrual pain on Day 1 (B = -15.153, 95% CI: -24.43 to -5.88) or Day 2 (B = -12.210, 95% CI: -23.96 to -0.46). Menstrual pain was associated with MDQ (B = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.008 to 0.02), family history of perimenstrual discomfort (B = 0.996, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.48), age (B = -0.057, 95% CI: -0.10 to -0.02), perceived daily stress, analgesic use frequency, and coping method for menstrual pain (p < 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, psychological and menstrual-related variables, including depression, perceived stress, family history of perimenstrual discomfort, PMS, and menstrual pain intensity, were associated with menstrual symptoms among women of childbearing age. These findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal relationships.

Background: Premenstrual disorders (PMDs), including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are common conditions that may substantially affect adolescents' physical and psychological well-being. However, their presentation and management during adolescence are complicated by reproductive-axis maturation, overlap with other medical conditions, and limited adolescent-specific evidence. This review aimed to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on PMDs in adolescents, integrating biological, psychological, developmental, clinical, and sociocultural aspects. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted. Publications addressing the neuroendocrine and developmental mechanisms, clinical manifestations, psychosocial consequences, diagnosis, and treatment of PMDs were considered, with adolescent-specific evidence prioritized where available. Results: Current evidence suggests that PMDs are associated with altered sensitivity to physiological ovarian steroid fluctuations and their neuroactive effects rather than abnormal circulating hormone concentrations alone. In adolescents, PMDs may present with diverse somatic, affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms and are associated with impaired quality of life, school functioning, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being. Diagnostic assessment remains challenging because symptoms may overlap with normal pubertal changes and psychiatric disorders. Prospective monitoring of symptom cyclicity and functional impairment is therefore essential. Pharmacological treatments, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selected combined oral contraceptives, represent important therapeutic options, while psychological, lifestyle, physical activity, and physiotherapeutic interventions may provide additional benefits. However, most treatment evidence is derived from adult populations. Conclusions: PMDs in adolescents should be conceptualized as multidimensional conditions requiring an interdisciplinary approach integrating gynecological, psychiatric, psychological, endocrinological, primary care, and lifestyle perspectives. Greater recognition and developmentally appropriate assessment may facilitate earlier diagnosis and individualized management. Further prospective, adolescent-specific research is needed to clarify the biological and psychosocial determinants of PMDs and establish evidence-based strategies for their multidisciplinary management.