Herbal medicine remains widely used in the Caribbean, including Guyana, where traditional remedies are often used alongside conventional medical care. Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is internationally recognized as a common herbal supplement for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms, but local data on its use among Guyanese men with prostate diseases are limited. The objective of this study is to assess awareness of saw palmetto and estimate the prevalence of saw palmetto and other herbal medicine use among men with prostate diseases attending the urology clinic at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Guyana, and to describe the perceived effectiveness, concurrent use with prescribed medications, and disclosure to healthcare providers. Method: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Guyana, between July and September 2024. Male patients aged 40 years and older with a documented diagnosis of BPH, prostatomegaly, or prostate cancer were recruited using convenience sampling. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, medical history, saw palmetto awareness and use, other herbal medicine use, treatment beliefs, concurrent use with prescribed medications, perceived effectiveness, and disclosure to healthcare providers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 200 patients were enrolled in this study. Of the 200 participants, 88 (44%) were aged 70 years and above, 81 (40.5%) were aged 60-69 years, 29 (14.5%) were aged 50-59 years, and two (1%) were aged 40-49 years. The region of residence was reported by all 200 participants, of whom 146 (73%) reported being from region 4. The diagnoses documented in the clinic charts included BPH in 88/200 (44%), prostatomegaly in 86/200 (43%), and prostate cancer in 26/200 (13%). Among the 189 participants who responded to the saw palmetto use question, 31/189 (16.4%) reported use for prostate health. Separately, 84/200 (42.0%) reported using other herbal products for prostate health. Among the 38 participants who responded to the multiple-response question on sources of information for saw palmetto, 23/38 (60.5%) selected friends/family, 6/38 (15.8%) selected the internet, 4/38 (10.5%) selected a physician, and 3/38 (7.9%) selected a pharmacist. Of the 185 participants who responded to the perceived-effectiveness question, 157/185 (84.9%) were unsure, 24/185 (13.0%) believed it was effective, and 4/185 (2.2%) considered it ineffective. Of the 200 participants, 28/200 (14.0%) reported discussing herbal product use with their healthcare provider, whereas 172/200 (86.0%) reported not disclosing this information. Conclusion: Saw palmetto awareness and use were relatively low among the men with prostate diseases attending the urology clinic at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Guyana, despite frequent use of other herbal and alternative medicines. Participants appeared to rely more on locally available traditional remedies, particularly nettle root, rather than on internationally marketed prostate supplements. The high rate of non-disclosure highlights the need for clinicians to routinely ask about herbal medicine use, provide evidence-based counseling, and address potential risks, including herb-drug interactions.

Serenoa repens extract has been widely used as a phytotherapeutic option for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), potentially offering a milder alternative to pharmaceutical treatments such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitors or alpha-blockers. However, its effects on sexual function remain inconsistent across randomized trials. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of S. repens extract on sexual function and quality of life in men withBPH.

Natural products are widely promoted to increase or suppress androgen activity, but the strength and clinical relevance of the evidence vary markedly by preparation, population, endpoint, and study design. We conducted a structured critical review of human and mechanistic studies of androgen-modulating botanicals, with separate appraisal of in silico predictions, biochemical or cellular target effects, hormonal biomarkers, clinical outcomes, extract characteristics, and safety. Standardized extracts of Withania somnifera, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Eurycoma longifolia have limited-to-moderate evidence for modest increases in circulating testosterone in selected male populations, particularly men with low baseline testosterone, aging-related symptoms, infertility, or stress; evidence for durable symptomatic or functional benefit is less consistent and cannot be generalized across extracts. Mentha spicata tea has small, short-duration human studies showing reductions in free or total testosterone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome or hirsutism, but objective improvement in hirsutism has not been demonstrated. Curcumin has preclinical evidence for effects on steroidogenic enzymes and androgen-receptor pathways, whereas human studies predominantly report metabolic outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome or prostate-specific antigen-related endpoints rather than established systemic anti-androgenic efficacy. Dihydrotanshinone I from Salvia miltiorrhiza has biochemical evidence for preferential inhibition of CYP17A1 17,20-lyase and tanshinones suppress AR signaling in preclinical models, but no controlled human study has established androgen-lowering efficacy. Serenoa repens illustrates the frequent disconnect between plausible 5α-reductase inhibition and largely negative trials for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Molecular docking is treated as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory. Evidence grades are preparation- and population-specific and do not apply to uncharacterized products. Clinical translation requires chemically characterized preparations, population-specific trials, clinically meaningful endpoints, risk assessment, and active surveillance for hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular effects, contamination, and drug interactions.

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are prevalent among aging men and negatively affect quality of life. Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (SAGX), which exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has been developed as a functional ingredient to improve LUTS. However, comparative clinical data against established standards, such as saw palmetto, are currently lacking. Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of SAGX with saw palmetto extract in men with LUTS. Methods: In this randomized, parallel-group pilot study, 30 men with LUTS were assigned to receive either 400 mg of SAGX or 320 mg of saw palmetto extract once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the LUTS-related quality-of-life (QoL) score. Secondary outcomes included changes in the erectile function assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Safety was evaluated by monitoring adverse events. Results: SAGX supplementation resulted in a significantly greater reduction in total IPSS compared with the saw palmetto group (p = 0.031), with notable improvements in storage symptoms (p = 0.003) and QoL (p = 0.035). Erectile function also improved significantly in the SAGX group (p = 0.005). All adverse events were mild and transient, with treatment-related events occurring less frequently in the SAGX group. Conclusions: Although this study was a pilot study with a limited cohort, these findings provide preliminary evidence for the use of SAGX as a functional ingredient for supporting urinary health in men with LUTS.

This systematic review assessed the potential effectiveness and safety of Serenoa repens (saw palmetto) for benign prostatic disorders, mainly benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms. Following PRISMA guidance (PROSPERO: CRD420251032255), we searched PubMed, Cochrane and ScienceDirect for human studies from January 2020 to May 2025. Sixteen studies (>3000 participants) met criteria, including randomized trials, observational cohorts, a post hoc analysis, an open-label comparative study and a pharmacovigilance analysis. Overall, S. repens was associated with improvements in symptom severity (International Prostate Symptom Score) in several trials, with variable effects on urinary flow, post-void residual volume, and patient-reported quality of life. Signals of benefit appeared more consistently with hexanic lipidosterolic extracts and β-sitosterol-enriched preparations, and some real-world and head-to-head comparisons suggested outcomes comparable to alpha-blockers with fewer adverse events. Combination therapy, especially with the addition of alpha-blockers, showed larger symptom reductions in select populations, particularly with more pronounced baseline symptoms or prostatic inflammation. However, heterogeneity in extract formulations, dosing, study design, and outcome reporting limited cross-study comparability. Safety findings were generally favourable, with mostly mild gastrointestinal events and fewer sexual adverse effects than reported for conventional pharmacotherapies. Taken together, recent evidence supports S. repens as a potentially useful, well-tolerated option for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related symptoms - especially in certain formulations and as part of combination strategies - whilst underscoring the need for standardized, adequately powered trials to clarify which patients benefit most, optimal dosing, and durability of effects.

Aim of this review is to evaluate the pharmacological efficacy and safety of Serenoa repens extracts in managing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Using PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database, we identified studies published until November 2023 reporting effect of Serenoa repens extracts on LUTS and BPH. All studies were included in the literature search. The most relevant studies were selected to identify the effects of different extracts of serenoa repens in terms of pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Hexanic extract of Serenoa repens (HESr), presents important anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiandrogenic activities proven through various in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. The current phytotherapeutic landscape is very heterogeneous and limited by the lack of a regulatory framework for herbal substances. There is a clear disparity in the qualitative and quantitative composition of extracts due to varied extractive processes, affecting the therapeutic efficacy. Several studies (prospective randomized clinical trials) demonstrated the clinical efficacy of HESr compared to placebo and other pharmacological treatments. Particularly, HESr improves nocturia and Qmax. Other extraction techniques, such as alcoholic and CO<inf>2</inf> need further RCT to better define their efficacy. The review identifies the critical role of Serenoa repens extract in managing LUTS in patients with BPH. Particularly the evidence suggests significant in vitro and in vivo differences in terms of inflammation reduction, symptoms relief and flow improvement depending on the extraction technique.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition affecting over 50% of men aged 60 and above, often leading to lower urinary tract symptoms that significantly impact quality of life. Current pharmacological treatments, including α-adrenergic receptor antagonists and 5α-reductase inhibitors, are associated with adverse effects, prompting the exploration of alternative therapies. This study investigates the potential role of a novel multi-component phytocomplex (PhytoBPH-Mix) comprising Serenoa repens, Pygeum africanum, Urtica dioica, Epilobium angustifolium L., Protium heptaphyllum, lycopene, Vitamin E, zinc, and selenium. Methods: The anti-androgenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of the mixture were evaluated in vitro. Results: The formulation significantly inhibited 5α-reductase activity, reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and exhibited antibacterial effects against E. coli compared to individual extracts. Conclusions: These findings suggest that this specific mixture offers a promising natural alternative or an adjuvant for managing BPH by targeting multiple pathological mechanisms with minimal side effects and could also serve as an effective adjuvant in conventional therapy.

Serenoa repens (Saw palmetto) contain 85–90% fatty acids and other constituents include sterols rich in components as carotenoids, lipases, tannin and sugars. The purpose of this study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Saw palmetto fruit extract against Alzheimer’s disease in a mice model. Phytochemical analysis was performed by HPLC analysis after preparation of plant extract by microwave assisted extraction technique.AD induced in mice by D-galactose and aluminum chloride 100 mg/kg of each (orally), and treated with saw palmetto fruit extract 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg were administered orally for 21 days. Neurobehavioral observations were performed to determine the pharmacological manipulation on cognitive and behavioral functions. Mice were sacrificed after behavioral studies to perform biochemical, neurochemical and gene expression analysis. Neuro-active compounds detected in HPLC analysis like chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, HB acid and salicylic acid were screened by the molecular docking and interaction analysis. SP extract treatment showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects as manifested by neurobehavioral, histopathological analysis which showed that with 250 mg/kg moderately enhance the synaptic density and neuronal survival. Notable neurodegenerative effects were observed at 800 mg/kg, accompanied by reduced neurodegenerative histopathology at 500 mg/kg. Phytochemicals in SP extract showed most stable conformation within the active site of target protein AChE. ADMET results sustained the computational experiments by presenting significant results, further molecular dynamic analysis also confirms the perfect interaction of the target AChE protein with Quercetin, Chlorogenic acid. These five phytochemicals could be recommended for clinical testing for management of Alzheimer’s disease.