- Continuation of psychiatric medications during pregnancy. [Journal Article]J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2023 Dec; 36(1):2171288.JM
- Background: While medications for anxiety and depression are commonly used in the United States, it is unclear to what degree they are continued during pregnancy.Methods: We used a large administrative database to determine whether psychiatric medications are continued during pregnancy and predictors of continued medication treatment.Results: Of 2,672,656 women included in our analysis, 86,454 (3…
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- Pharmaceutical toxicity is a common pattern of inpatient acute poisonings in Birjand City, East of Iran. [Journal Article]
- Information on the pattern of acute poisonings in hospitals of Birjand city, Iran, is limited. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by examining the admissions in a major poisoning center in eastern Iran. This cross-sectional study included patients admitted to the Imam Reza Hospital in Birjand over 12 months. Medical records of the poisoned patients were reviewed, and the study variabl…
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- Effects of tranquilization therapy in elderly patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases: A meta-analysis. [Meta-Analysis]Acta Pharm. 2023 Mar 01; 73(1):43-57.AP
- The current meta-analysis searched the literature connected to different tranquilizers used to treat elderly people and assessed it in terms of dose, types of outcomes and adverse effects, to determine a safe and acceptable tranquilizer and its optimal dose. A systematic literature review was undertaken for randomized controlled trials, case-control, retrospective and prospective studies on the u…
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- Part I: Missouri's Fentanyl Poisonings Rise to Record Levels. [Review]
- Missourians are dying of fentanyl poisoning at an unprecedented rate. We identified growth areas in Missouri for fatal fentanyl encounters in rural and western counties. Though the deaths occur for a multitude of reasons, a growing trend adds to the surge in fentanyl fatalities: poisonings from counterfeit pills. The tablets are often labeled with brand names for alprazolam or oxycodone, but may …
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- Compritol-Based Alprazolam Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Sustained Release of Alprazolam: Preparation by Hot Melt Encapsulation. [Journal Article]
- The current study was designed to investigate the feasibility of incorporating the water-insoluble lipophilic drug Alprazolam (Alp) into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to offer the combined benefits of the quick onset of action along with the sustained release of the drug. Therefore, compritol-based alprazolam-loaded SLNs (Alp-SLNs) would provide early relief from anxiety and sleep disturbances…
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- Changes in Alprazolam Metabolism by CYP3A43 Mutants. [Journal Article]
- Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine which is most commonly used in the short-term management of anxiety disorders, often in combination with antipsychotics. The four human members of the CYP3A subfamily are mainly responsible for its metabolism, which yields the main metabolites 4-hydroxyalprazolam and α-hydroxyalprazolam. We performed a comparison of alprazolam metabolism by all four CYP3A en…
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- Comparative study of post-mortem concentrations of benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics in several different matrices. [Journal Article]J Anal Toxicol. 2022 Dec 21 [Online ahead of print]JA
- Benzodiazepines and z-hypnotics are detected in the majority of fatal overdose cases in Norway, often in combination with other drugs of abuse, and their concentrations in peripheral blood might be important to elucidate the cause of death. In some forensic autopsies, peripheral blood is however not available. The aim of the present study was to compare concentrations of benzodiazepines and z-hyp…
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- Static magnetic field blocked alprazolam-induced behavior of Wistar rats in the elevated plus-maze test. [Journal Article]Neurosci Lett. 2023 01 18; 794:137013.NL
- Studies have shown that psychotropic drugs change rat behavior in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). This study investigated whether static magnetic fields could alter alprazolam-induced rat behavior in the EPM. 66 male Wistar rats (270-300 g weight) were assigned to one of the following groups: Sham Magnetic + Saline (SMS), North Pole + Saline (NPS), South Pole + Saline (SPS), Sham magnetic + al…
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- A case of fatal multidrug intoxication involving flualprazolam: distribution in body fluids and solid tissues. [Case Reports]
- CONCLUSIONS: Our results support that highly potent DBZDs like flualprazolam carry an elevated risk for unintended toxicity, especially in association with other CNS depressants. A multidisciplinary evaluation of fatalities remains mandatory, especially when pharmacological/toxicological data on intoxicating compounds are lacking. To our knowledge this is the first report of flualprazolam concentrations in solid tissues in human.
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- Use of central nervous system drugs in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment: A Bayesian screening study for risk of suicidal behavior. [Journal Article]
- CONCLUSIONS: Several of the detected signals for reduced risk correspond to drugs where there is previous evidence of benefit for antidepressant augmentation (e.g., olanzapine, quetiapine, lithium, buspirone, and mirtazapine). Novel signals of reduced suicidal behavior risk, including for lamotrigine, valproic acid, risperidone, and melatonin, warrant further investigation.
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- Use of Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Psychostimulants, and Sedatives before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Students in 40 European Countries. [Journal Article]
- In March 2020, the WHO announced the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been ongoing for over 2 years. To stop the spread of the virus, the governments of many countries decided to introduce reasonable social restrictions that were suitable for pandemic waves. This led to radical changes in people's lives, especially among students, who are very active in society. Before COVID-19, being of student age …
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- Recent advances in the detection of drugs of abuse by dried blood spots. [Review]Biomed Chromatogr. 2022 Nov 23 [Online ahead of print]BC
- The purpose of this review study was to sum up the main recent advances reported in the scientific literature about the detection of common drugs of abuse in biological samples upon their collection by dried blood spot devices. The most recent, innovative and fully validated methods for the qualitative and/or quantitative detection of common drugs of abuse are reported, including alprazolam, clon…
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- Extraction of alprazolam in biological samples using the dispersive solid-phase method with nanographene oxide grafted with α-pyridylamine. [Journal Article]IET Nanobiotechnol. 2022 Nov 23 [Online ahead of print]IN
- An effective adsorbent was synthesised from nanographene oxide for the removal of the alprazolam drug from the water sample solution. The dispersive solid-phase extraction method was used with α-pyridylamine grafted nanographene oxide to extract and analyse little amounts of alprazolam in biological materials. Before beginning the experimental analysis process, it is critical to use a simple and …
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- Bitten to the Bone: A Case of Anxiety-Induced Osteomyelitis. [Case Reports]
- Onychophagia is a habitual nail-biting disorder, usually associated with mental or emotional diseases. It affects 20-30% of the population in all age groups. Human bites have the potential to become serious injuries due to high virulence in the human oral flora and may often require hospital admission, antibiotics and even debridement in the operating room. Thus, repetitive nail biting has the po…
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- Collaborative permeation of drug and excipients in transdermal formulations. In vitro scrutiny for ethanol:limonene combinations. [Journal Article]Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022 Dec; 181:239-248.EJ
- Enhancement of skin permeation of drugs is affected by the simultaneous co-permeation of excipients that hinder the predictivity of in vitro tests. The collaborative effects of two permeation enhancers (ethanol and d-limonene) of a lipophilic drug (alprazolam) have been simultaneously assessed in human skin under different in vitro conditions: integrated setups of diffusion cell experiments with …
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- Management of Somatization in COVID-19: A Narrative Review. [Review]
- Somatization refers to the condition in which psychological distress is shown in the form of somatic symptoms such as persistent headache, nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, etc. Various predisposing factors, including familial such as high expressed emotion, poor parental care, genetic, biological, and demographic which includes age and gender, cognitive such as learning disabilities, psychiat…
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- Occurrence and removal of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in the Tehran South Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. [Journal Article]
- Psychiatric drugs released by humans in wastewater have received more attention because of their potential risks for aquatic organisms. In this study, the occurrence of the two most common groups of psychiatric drugs (sedatives-hypnotics-anxiolytics and antidepressants) were evaluated in the Tehran South Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. All the target sedatives-hypnotics-anxiolytics (alprazo…
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- Alprazolam Detection Using an Electrochemical Nanobiosensor Based on AuNUs/Fe-Ni@rGO Nanocomposite. [Journal Article]
- Despite all the psychological advantages of alprazolam, its long list of toxic properties and interactions has caused concern and highlighted the need for a reliable sensing method. In this study, we developed a simple, highly sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor to determine the desirable dose of alprazolam, averting the undesirable consequences of overdose. Gold nanourchins (AuNUs) and iron-…
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- Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Licorice Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Female Participants. [Journal Article]Drug Metab Dispos. 2023 Feb; 51(2):199-204.DM
- Licorice, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., has been used as a medicinal herb, herbal adjuvant, and flavoring agent since ancient times. Recently, licorice extracts have become popular as dietary supplements used by females to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Exposure to licorice products containing high levels of glycyrrhizic acid can cause hypokalemia, but independent from this eff…
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- Development and validation of the UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of six new psychoactive substances. [Journal Article]
- The combined abuse of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics has become a global problem, and to develop a highly sensitive and selective method for monitoring of benzodiazepine hypnotics and antipsychotics is urgently necessary. In this work, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, and estazolam) and antipsychotic drugs (c…
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- Clonazolam Intoxication Case Report: Danger of Designer Benzodiazepines. [Case Reports]Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2022 Dec 01; 43(4):372-375.AJ
- Clonazolam is a derivative of the Xanax active ingredient, alprazolam. Classified as a designer benzodiazepine, clonazolam availability has been rising because of its circulation on illegal internet drug markets and marginal cost in comparison to its parent analogs. Clonazolam's accessibility encourages abuse prevalence and use of designer benzodiazepines. In our case, a 14-year-old male was foun…
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- From signal to alert: A cluster of exposures to counterfeit alprazolam tablets containing five novel benzodiazepines. [Journal Article]Emerg Med Australas. 2023 Feb; 35(1):165-167.EM
- CONCLUSIONS: Toxicosurveillance projects, such as EDNAV, are critical to the continued monitoring and reporting of illicit substance use in the community.
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- A randomized phase 2b efficacy study in patients with seizure episodes with a predictable pattern using Staccato® alprazolam for rapid seizure termination. [Journal Article]Epilepsia. 2022 Oct 21 [Online ahead of print]E
- CONCLUSIONS: Both 1.0 mg and 2.0 mg doses of Staccato alprazolam demonstrated efficacy in rapidly terminating seizures in an inpatient setting and were well tolerated. The next step is a Phase 3 confirmatory study to demonstrate efficacy and safety of Staccato alprazolam for rapid cessation of seizures in an outpatient setting.
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- Effectiveness and safety of Jiuwei Zhenxin granules for treating generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. [Journal Article]
- CONCLUSIONS: Jiuwei Zhenxin granules are an effective, safe, and well-tolerated treatment against GAD. Combining them with alprazolam may not significantly improve efficacy.
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- Potentially inappropriate medications in older Chinese outpatients based on the Beers criteria and Chinese criteria. [Journal Article]
- Objective: Polypharmacy increases the prevalence of potentially inappropriate drugs potentially inappropriate medications among older persons, lowering their quality of life. PIMs use can lead to higher mortality in older patients. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of PIMs in older Chinese outpatients according to the Beers criteria and the Chinese criteria and to analyze the risk factor…
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- Occurrence of Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, and ketamine in wastewater in the United States and Mexico during the Covid-19 pandemic. [Journal Article]
- Z-drugs, benzodiazepines and ketamine are classes of psychotropic drugs prescribed for treating anxiety, sleep disorders and depression with known side effects including an elevated risk of addiction and substance misuse. These drugs have a strong potential for misuse, which has escalated over the years and was hypothesized here to have been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wastewater-ba…
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- Detection and Quantification of Alprazolam Added to Long Drinks by Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. [Journal Article]
- In the present work, a fast, relatively cheap, and green analytical strategy to identify and quantify the fraudulent (or voluntary) addition of a drug (alprazolam, the API of Xanax®) to an alcoholic drink of large consumption, namely gin and tonic, was developed using coupling near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and chemometrics. The approach used was both qualitative and quantitative as models were…
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- Benzodiazepine use disorder: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary care center in Lebanon. [Journal Article]
- Benzodiazepines are medications used for the treatment of multiple conditions including anxiety disorders, insomnia, agitation, and seizures. They are the most prescribed psychiatric medications and the third most misused drugs among adults and adolescents in the US. This study aims to assess the patient utilization patterns and benzodiazepine use disorder among Lebanese patients. A cross-section…
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- Phytochemicals That Interfere With Drug Metabolism and Transport, Modifying Plasma Concentration in Humans and Animals. [Review]
- Phytochemicals (Pch) present in fruits, vegetables and other foods, are known to inhibit or induce drug metabolism and transport. An exhaustive search was performed in five databases covering from 2000 to 2021. Twenty-one compounds from plants were found to modulate CYP3A and/or P-gp activities and modified the pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic effect of 27 different drugs. Flavonols, flavanon…
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- Self-Administration of Fentanyl-Alprazolam Combinations by Rhesus Monkeys Responding under a Progressive-Ratio Schedule. [Journal Article]
- This study evaluated the reinforcing effects of fentanyl, alone or in combination with the benzodiazepine alprazolam, in rhesus monkeys (3 females, 3 males). Subjects were trained to self-administer the opioid remifentanil (0.3 µg/kg/injection) under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. The reinforcing effects of fentanyl (0.1-10 µg/kg/injection) or alprazolam (1.0-100 µg/kg/injection) …
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