Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest infections affecting millions worldwide, especially pregnant women. It can lead to poor maternal and perinatal outcomes. Untreated UTI can be associated with serious obstetric complications. So the objective of present study was to determine the bacterial profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated factors of UTI among pregnant women in Goba and Sinana Woredas, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia.

Introduction Antibiotic resistance is nowadays one of the most important public health threats. It is mainly caused by inappropriate antibiotic usage. Objectives We aimed to characterize the seasonal trends of antimicrobial consumption (AC) and to assess the possible relation between the influenza incidence and AC in 2014 at the community level in Poland. Patients and methods Antimicrobial consumption, influenza incidence, and the number of inhabitants vaccinated against influenza were examined at the community level. The AC data were based on the sale and then converted to defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System and the DDD methodology. The data on incidence of influenza and influenza-like cases were based on notifications from primary care doctors. Results The majority of antimicrobials were consumed at the community level. The mean community consumption of antimicrobials for systemic use in Poland in 2014 was 22.50 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day . The most frequently consumed substances were oral amoxicillin, amoxicillin with enzyme inhibitor and cefuroxime. Two seasonal peaks of antibiotic consumption were observed. Seasonal trends of antibiotic consumption were similar to influenza incidence trends during the studied period. The highest AC was observed in the voivodeship with the highest influenza incidence. Conclusions The extent of outpatient AC and the seasonal coincidence of influenza occurrence and AC pose an important risk for antibiotic overuse and misuse, which are the main causes of antibiotic resistance occurrence and spread.

In this work, for the first time, zein nanofiber mats loaded with ethanol extracts propolis (EEP) were successfully produced. Raw propolis was extracted by ethanol 70% and total flavonoid content was estimated by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The anti-microbial activity of the EEP was investigated and compared with amoxicillin via zone of inhibition test against various microorganisms included gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, gram-negative: Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungus: Candida albicans. The EEP showed activity only against gram-positive types and fungus, whereas no activity was observed against gram-negative types. Electrospun zein nanofiber was obtained from 70% ethanolic solutions included different content of zein, 15-40 wt.%. The SEM images revealed a smooth ribbon-like morphology for zein nanofibers without any beads in zein content more than 25 wt.%. As well, the SEM images of electrospun zein nanofibers containing different content of propolis (0-40 wt.% based on the zein content) disclosed the increase in the average size of fibers with propolis content from 264 to 419 nm. This increasing was more probably due to the reduction in ionic conductivity of zein solutions with propolis content. The proteinic nature of zein along with the antimicrobial activity and the herbal nature of the propolis make the obtained mats promising candidate for more evaluation in wound healing study.