α-Mangostin (α-MG), a bioactive xanthone from mangosteen, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its efficacy and optimal dosage in broilers remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of α-MG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged and normally reared broilers to determine the optimal supplementation level. Two experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, 396 one-d-old Cobb broilers (initial body weight: 42.45 ± 0.46 g) were divided into six groups, each with six replicates of 11 birds. The negative control group received a basal diet and was injected with saline, and the other groups were challenged with LPS and fed diets containing 0 (positive control), 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg α-MG for 21 d. In Exp. 2, 792 one-d-old Arbor Acres broilers (initial body weight: 42.54 ± 0.44 g) were divided into six groups, each with six replicates of 22 birds, and fed diets containing 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg α-MG for 42 d. The results showed that in Exp. 1, supplementation with 150 mg/kg α-MG improved ileal morphology (villus height/crypt depth), immune cell proportions (CD4[+]CD8[-]/CD3[+]), and secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration compared with the positive control (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, supplementation with 150 mg/kg α-MG enhanced body weight and average daily gain on d 21, increased muscle glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content, reduced serum interleulin-1 beta (IL-1β) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities, improved ileal morphology (villus height), and upregulated ERK1 expression level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with α-MG at 150 mg/kg effectively mitigates LPS-induced intestinal damage and immune stress, and promotes growth performance in broilers under normal conditions. The benefits are mediated through the enhancement of antioxidant capacity, downregulation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway-related gene expression, and reinforcement of intestinal mucosal immunity and integrity.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary plant polyphenols on laying performance, egg quality and oviduct inflammatory responses in laying hens challenged with LPS. A total of 192 Hy-Line Gray hens (55 weeks old) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments for 8 weeks: a control group (CON, basal diet) and a plant polyphenols group (PP, 200 mg/kg mangosteen polyphenols + 200 mg/kg rosmarinic acid), with 8 replicates of 12 birds each. After 8 weeks, sixteen hens per group were selected and allocated to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged and no challenged groups, forming a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with four treatments and 4 replicates of 2 birds each. During the feeding phase, PP supplementation significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P < 0.05). During the challenge phase, there were significantly increased serum concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), along with markedly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the magnum, isthmus and uterus (P < 0.05). However, the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in these tissues were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Notably, dietary PP supplementation during the challenge phase significantly alleviated LPS-induced oviduct inflammation, as evidenced by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the oviduct (P < 0.05). Furthermore, significant interaction effects between LPS challenge and dietary PP supplementation were observed for inflammatory cytokines and glutathione (GSH) activity in the oviduct (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary PP supplementation improved production performance and alleviated oviduct inflammation in laying hens, potentially by modulating immune responses. These findings suggest that PP has potential as a functional feed additive for enhancing production and reproductive health.

The fast recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and the inability to effectively harvest visible light are persistent bottlenecks in utilizing zinc oxide (ZnO) for heterogeneous photocatalysis. In this study, a defect-rich ZnO/Cu (A-ZnO/Cu) Schottky heterojunction was successfully synthesized via a green flux-mediated carbothermal reduction utilizing sodium borate as a flux and carbonized Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract as both a capping and reducing agent. Response surface methodology via a Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the synthesis conditions. The resulting A-ZnO/Cu sample, synthesized with a ZnO/Cu ratio of 25.56 w/w, calcinated at 644°C for 1.3 h, achieves a malachite green removal efficiency of 99.25%. Comprehensive material characterization elucidated that the synergistic integration of metallic Cu0 structures significantly narrowed the band gap to 2.1 eV and established a robust interfacial Schottky barrier, thoroughly suppressing electron-hole recombination and enabling efficient visible-light-harvesting activity. Radical scavenging experiments confirmed that superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes are the principal reactive species driving the degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the dual-functional nanocomposite demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi, which was amplified under visible-light illumination. Retaining over 80% of its photocatalytic efficiency after ten cycles, the obtained A-ZnO/Cu heterojunction emerges as a highly durable and promising bimodal agent for environmental remediation and pathogen eradication.

Eleven novel alkyl/arylalkyl substituted α-mangostin derivatives (M2-M12) were synthesized from isolated α-mangostin (M1) from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. extract. Among all the compounds, M10 exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 of 8.39 ± 0.07 μM, comparable to the positive controls, camptothecin and etoposide. An apparent increase in the G2/M cell population in MCF-7 cells after treatment with M10 indicated cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Additionally, M10 was identified as a selective topoisomerase II inhibitor with a DNA non-intercalating mechanism. Induced-fit docking, binding-site characterisation using SiteMap, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the binding interactions and stability of compounds M1 and M10 within the ATP-binding region of topoisomerase II. Comparative analysis of alternative predicted binding sites further supported preferential accommodation of the α-mangostin derivatives within the canonical ATP-binding region. The differences in H-bond interactions and the presence of additional, unusual lipophilic contacts (P126, V127, L141, F142) suggested that M10 adopts an extended binding mode at the topoisomerase II binding site, contributing to its selective inhibition profile.

Breast cancer remains a major disease burden and a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women, while current therapies are often limited by toxicity, drug resistance, and recurrence. α-Mangostin (AM), a prenylated xanthone derived from Garcinia mangostana L., has attracted considerable interest because of its antioxidant, redox-modulating, and anticancer properties, which may contribute to improved health outcomes and patient well-being. This study systematically reviewed the therapeutic potential of AM against breast cancer based on evidence from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies focusing on biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Relevant articles were retrieved from the Scopus and PubMed databases using predefined keywords and selection criteria. Eligible studies were extracted, categorized, and analyzed using Microsoft Word and EndNote to assess the pharmacological actions, target interactions, delivery systems, and therapeutic outcomes associated with AM, while the quality of animal studies was assessed using the ARRIVE guidelines. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Computational studies demonstrated favorable AM interactions with ERα, STAT3, RXRα, CXCR4, AKT1, CTNNB1, and HSP90AA1. In vitro studies showed that AM inhibited cancer cell viability, induced apoptosis and autophagy, modulated reactive oxygen species, and suppressed metastatic and immune-evasion markers. Furthermore, nano-formulations, radiolabeled derivatives, and combination approaches improved bioavailability, tumor targeting, and efficacy. In vivo studies reported inhibition of tumor-growth and metastasis, improved pharmacokinetic profiles, and prolonged survival. However, no clinical trials evaluating AM in breast cancer patients have been reported to date. Overall, AM represents a promising preclinical candidate for breast cancer treatment. Nevertheless, standardized pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and efficacy studies, followed by well-designed clinical trials, are essential to facilitate its translation into clinical practice.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major global health challenge associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and progression to chronic kidney disease. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, regulated cell death, and maladaptive tissue repair play central roles in AKI pathogenesis, yet effective disease-modifying pharmacological therapies remain unavailable. This narrative review critically evaluated current evidence regarding the pharmacological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and translational potential of alpha-mangostin (AM), the principal prenylated xanthone isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L., through a comprehensive synthesis of experimental and mechanistic studies. Available preclinical evidence consistently demonstrates that AM improves renal function and attenuates histopathological injury, particularly in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis models. These renoprotective effects are primarily associated with suppression of oxidative stress, activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling, preservation of mitochondrial function, and attenuation of apoptosis. Several emerging pathways may also contribute to AM-mediated renoprotective effects; however, current evidence remains indirect, and their roles require validation in kidney-specific models. Clinical translation remains limited by poor oral bioavailability, insufficient pharmacokinetic data, lack of standardized formulations, and the absence of human clinical trials. Overall, current evidence suggests that AM has preliminary renoprotective potential in experimental AKI models. However, the limited number of available studies, predominance of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity models, insufficient pharmacokinetic and safety data, and absence of human clinical studies preclude conclusions regarding its clinical efficacy or translational readiness. Further validation in diverse and clinically relevant AKI models is required before clinical investigation can be considered.

Current research aimed to evaluate the effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) on serum glucose levels and periodontal ligament (PDL) architecture in hyperglycemic diabetic rat models, with particular focus on PDL collagen integrity and alveolar bone status. A total of forty-eight male Dawley rats (150-200 g, 3-6 months) were randomly allocated into three equal groups (n = 16): control, diseased diabetic (DM), and mangosteen (MG) treated diabetic (DM-MG) groups. Diabetes was induced in both DM and DM-MG groups employing streptozotocin (STZ), with only DM-MG group undergoing MG treatment. Serum glucose and body weight recorded weekly for 35 days. All euthanized rats were subjected for histological assessment utilizing hematoxylin and eosin stain, and morphometric evaluation of collagen integrity using Masson's trichrome stain. RUNX-2, a transcription factor associated with osteogenic differentiation was assessed by immunohistochemistry and ELISA to evaluate osteogenic activity and alveolar bone status. Control group reported consistent weight gain, but DM group experienced considerable weight loss and increased serum glucose levels. DM-MG group showed substantial improvements in both metrics. Histologically, DM group revealed signs of PDL structural disruption, whilst DM-MG group displayed partial improvement in PDL organization and attenuation of diabetes-induced structural alterations. Collagen density and RUNX-2 activity were considerably higher in DM-MG group versus DM group. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences among the studied groups, DM-MG group showed significantly higher collagen area % and RUNX-2 expression compared to the DM group (Tukey: p ≤ 0.05 for collagen, p ≤ 0.001 for RUNX-2 IHC and ELISA), alongside improvement in body weight and serum glucose levels over the 35-day period (Two-way RM-ANOVA: p ≤ 0.001). MG exhibited notable hypoglycemic and partially attenuated diabetes-associated PDL tissue alterations, indicating its potentiality as a natural adjunctive therapeutic agent for managing diabetes and its associated periodontal alterations.

Starch-based films are promising candidates for sustainable packaging applications, but their practical use is often limited by insufficient mechanical strength, poor moisture resistance, and restricted functionality. In this study, mangosteen peel powder (MPP), an agro-industrial by-product rich in naturally occurring bioactive compounds, was directly incorporated into starch-based films as a multifunctional filler. The effects of MPP loading and particle size on film structure and performance were systematically investigated. MPP incorporation influenced particle dispersion and interfacial characteristics within the starch matrix, which in turn affected the mechanical, moisture-related, optical, and bioactive properties of the films. Among the formulations studied, the 4% MPP film exhibited the best overall performance, with a tensile strength of 32.5 MPa, water absorption of 5.71 g/g, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 83.7%. In addition, MPP incorporation significantly improved UV-shielding performance, reducing transmittance at 300 nm from 83.1% for the pure starch film to 5.0-8.0% for MPP-containing films. Although higher MPP loading (6%) enhanced bioactivity, it led to reduced mechanical and moisture barrier performance due to aggregation effects. Overall, MPP acts as an effective multifunctional modifier for starch-based films, providing a sustainable strategy for developing bioactive and biodegradable packaging materials.

Aphthous ulcers are prevalent and painful oral mucosal lesions that substantially compromise patient quality of life, requiring effective localized treatment. α-Mangostin, a bioactive compound from mangosteen pericarp, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties but suffers from poor aqueous solubility. This study developed a double-layer mucoadhesive film incorporating an α-mangostin-based solid dispersion (MPESD) to enhance solubility and provide dual-functionality: protection and therapy. Mangosteen peel extract was formulated into solid dispersions using PVP K30, significantly enhancing solubility from undetectable levels to 8.12 ± 0.04 mg/mL (1:4 ratio). The films, comprising an ethylcellulose backing layer and a gelatin-HPMC mucoadhesive layer, were fabricated via solvent casting. Mechanical testing confirmed suitable puncture strength (1.63 N/mm[2]) and flexibility (20% elongation) for oral application. The inclusion of HPMC improved surface wettability and prolonged in vitro residence time to >8 h, while the optimized film achieved 96% drug release within 2 h. These findings demonstrate that the MPESD-loaded double-layer film presents a promising formulation strategy with the potential for managing aphthous ulcers.

This study presents a potential approach to produce effervescent tablets with yeast probiotic and bio-converted mangosteen pericarp juice (MPEj), aiming to deliver both multifunctional health benefits and appealing color. The process involved fermenting MPEj with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii to modify its composition and increase the yeast population. Subsequently, the bio-converted MPEj and yeast cells were separated to generate powdered forms for producing effervescent tablets. Through response surface methodology, varying MPEj and nitrogen source concentrations revealed the optimal condition: 20% MPEj and 0.5% nitrogen source, yielding a yeast viability of 8.67 ± 0.24 CFU/mL When scaling up yeast fermentation, both flask and bioreactor demonstrated similar trend, with bioreactor exhibiting notably enhanced growth rates in MPEj as well as significant changes in TSS, TTA, and pH during fermentation. After fermentation, MPEj displayed increased antioxidant activity, altered phenolic content, increased isoleucine levels, and presence of propionate, indicating biotransformation driven by yeast. Effervescent tablets met quality standards and demonstrated enhanced yeast survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Moreover, surface property testing, specifically hydrophobicity, revealed improved adherence to intestinal cells, suggesting the potential for prolonged gastrointestinal retention. This study underscores promising application of MPEj fermentation with yeast probiotic in developing functional probiotic tablets with enhanced health benefits.

In this research, biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with solvent-dependent emission colors were synthesized from mangosteen leaves via a solvent-mediated hydrothermal route, in order to elucidate the relationship between structure and emission and to evaluate their potential for multifunctional packaging applications. Systematic morphological and structural analyses demonstrated that the solvent polarity governed the degree of carbonization, particle size, and surface chemistry. Red-emissive CQDs (R-CQDs) were formed in a less polar medium and exhibited larger sp[2] domains enriched with hydroxyl groups, whereas blue-emissive CQDs (B-CQDs) synthesized in a polar solvent had smaller sp[2] domains with higher values for the content of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functionalities. These distinctions resulted in excitation-independent red emission for R-CQDs and excitation-tunable blue-green emission for B-CQDs. R-CQDs showed enhanced antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.84 μg mL[-1]) relative to B-CQDs (IC50 = 21.03 μg mL[-1]), while antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed exclusively for R-CQDs, indicating a structure-dependent antibacterial response. When the CQDs were incorporated into poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrices, the nanocomposite films demonstrated enhanced UV-blocking performance, with R-CQD/PVA film giving stronger attenuation due to enhanced π-π* transitions and more efficient interfacial energy transfer. Storage tests also showed that when tomatoes were packaged with R-CQD/PVA film, ripening was delayed by approximately 7-14 days compared to the control films. These findings establish clear correlations between solvent, structure, and function for biomass-derived CQDs and suggest a sustainable strategy for designing multifunctional nanocomposite films for UV-protective and active food-packaging applications.

Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of severe diarrheal disease, yet therapeutic options remain limited. This study integrated host-parasite transcriptomic profiling, GC-MS phytochemical profiling, computational screening, and in vitro experimental validation to evaluate anti-Cryptosporidium phytochemicals from Garcinia mangostana extract (GME). Host epithelial transcriptional responses (GSE2077) during C. parvum infection were analyzed to map infection-associated host reprogramming. A curated library of 30 identified phytochemicals was computationally docked against prioritized parasite-relevant targets: calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1), C. parvum 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase [PI(4)K; cgd8_4500/UniProt Q5CVD3, AlphaFold model AF-Q5CVD3-F1], and cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 3 (CPSF3). The anti-Cryptosporidium efficacy of GME was subsequently evaluated in vitro by assessing C. parvum oocyst count and viability over 48 h. Transcriptomic analysis suggested a biphasic pattern of host reprogramming involving inflammatory signaling, sterol metabolism, Wnt signaling, and cell-cycle regulation. GC-MS analysis identified sterols and fatty acid derivatives, including stigmasterol, campesterol, and ethyl iso-allocholate. Molecular docking against the C. parvum PI(4)K model predicted campesterol (NP028) and ethyl iso-allocholate (NP029) as leading PI(4)K-oriented candidates, with mean affinities of - 7.97 ± 0.59 and - 7.72 ± 0.61 kcal/mol, respectively, while NP008 showed a predicted multi-target interaction profile, particularly against CPSF3. In vitro assays showed a significant, concentration- and time-dependent reduction in C. parvum oocyst viability, with an LC50 of 830 µg/mL after 48 h. Overall, the parasite-specific docking and oocysticidal data support GME phytochemicals as promising anti-Cryptosporidium candidates and generate testable hypotheses for CDPK1, PI(4)K, or CPSF3 involvement, while direct intracellular infection assays and recombinant enzyme inhibition studies are required to confirm target engagement.

Currently approved androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors for prostate cancer (PCa) target the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the AR. These compounds cannot inhibit androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7), a truncated form of AR that is constitutively active in advanced PCa. Our previous studies demonstrated that α-mangostin, a xanthone derived from the fruit of Garcinia mangostana, promotes degradation of AR and AR-V7 through modulation of the chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) in vitro and in vivo. Mangosteen contains more than 80 xanthones, and in this study we investigated whether additional xanthones can induce AR and AR-V7 degradation through direct BiP- engagement. Four fractions (F1-F4) were prepared from mangosteen extract, and their interactions with BiP were determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Among them, F3 showed the highest binding affinity for BiP. We further evaluated additional xanthones isolated from these fractions. Among these compounds, α-mangostin exhibited the strongest binding affinity. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that hydroxyl groups at C3 and a methoxy group at C7 contribute to BiP engagement. Consistent with these findings, α-mangostin and gartanin promoted degradation of AR and AR-V7 in 22Rv1 AR and AR-V7 HiBiT cells. Although BiP primarily functions through ATPase activity, α-mangostin did not affect its ATPase activity. Molecular docking of α-mangostin identified potential allosteric binding sites on BiP distinct from the ATPase pocket, suggesting that it may act as an allosteric modulator. Together, these findings identify mangosteen-derived xanthones as BiP-engaging compounds capable of promoting the degradation of AR and AR-V7 in PCa cells.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with current therapies failing to achieve significant clinical advancements. GDPPH1, a natural compound derived from Garcinia mangostana L., is known for its antioxidant properties; however, its anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we demonstrate that GDPPH1 significantly inhibits GBM cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner by downregulating CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest at G1/S checkpoint, and promoting apoptosis. Mechanistically, GDPPH1 reduces the m[6]A methylation of CDK4 and CCND1 through METTL14-YTHDF2-mediated transcript decay, resulting in decreased CDK4/CCND1 expression and subsequent decreased RB phosphorylation levels. Further studies revealed that m[6]A-METTL14-YTHDF2 axis is responsible for GDPPH1-induced downregulation of CDK4 and Cyclin D1. Additionally, the in vivo anti-GBM efficacy of GDPPH1 was confirmed using both xenograft and orthotopic intracranial mouse models. Collectively, these findings provide robust evidence supporting GDPPH1 as a promising therapeutic candidate for GBM and offer novel insights into the role of m[6]A RNA methylation in cell cycle regulation.