Classification of cardiomyopathies: bringing order to complexity.
Eur Heart J Suppl 2026 May; 28(Suppl 5):v159-v163.

Abstract

Cardiomyopathy classification remains challenging due to their extraordinary clinical, morphological, and genetic heterogeneity. As diagnostic technologies evolve, so too must the frameworks by which we conceptualize and communicate these diseases. Since the 2008 ESC morphofunctional classification and the genotype-phenotype integrated MOGE(S) system proposed in 2013, substantial advances in imaging and genetics have prompted a revised 2023 ESC phenotype-first model. The five current phenotypes-dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy (NDLVC)-capture major morphological expressions but display extensive overlap, especially among DCM, ARVC, and NDLVC. This overlap underscores the need for dynamic, multiparametric diagnostic pathways and individualized interpretation.

Links

PMC Free PDF

Authors+Show Affiliations

Perotto MCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Pio Loco Detto Gava CCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Garoia FCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Folgheraiter A0000-0002-9012-3439Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Allegro VCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Grilli G0000-0003-2002-9153Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Porcari ACardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Dal Ferro MCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Merlo M0000-0002-1022-3131Cardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).
Sinagra GCardiovascular Department, Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart).

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Language

eng

PubMed ID

42099480