This study provides a review of recent publications on different quality control (QC) techniques for radiotherapy linear accelerators (linacs). QC in radiotherapy is essential to ensure patient safety, deliver optimal quality treatments, monitor equipment performance over time and to satisfy statutory or recommended testing. Whilst conventional QC methods are still widely used and valuable, there have been advances in QC methods and approaches which aim to improve efficiency and keep pace with the rapidly advancing complexity of clinical equipment and treatment delivery methods. Existing reviews of QC concepts mainly focus on single QC techniques. There are limited reviews that explore and compare the variety of techniques to QC, which is the aim of this report. QC techniques were separated into seven domains: conventional QC, automated & manufacturer integrated QC, risk, statistical, artificial intelligence (AI), end-to-end & patient-specific QC (PSQC), external dosimetry audits & clinical trial credentialing audits. An overview of each technique with example studies from literature is presented.

The trabecular bone of the medullary cavity is a complex three-dimensional lattice essential for skeletal load distribution and metabolic homeostasis. This article provides a narrative review of trabecular architecture, ranging from hierarchical nanoscopic fibrils to macroscopic stress trajectories. We analyze the radiological appearance of normal and pathological alterations, including thickening, breakage, faintness, rarefaction, and infiltration. Modalities such as high-resolution MRI, dual-energy CT, and the emerging photon-counting detector CT are evaluated for their diagnostic precision. Furthermore, we examine clinical indices like the Singh Index and the growing role of opportunistic CT screening. Understanding these morphological transitions is critical for the early detection of systemic metabolic diseases and the monitoring of localized mechanical failure.

Radiology occupational safety has historically centred on radiation protection. Although radiation safety remains essential, the digital transformation of imaging has expanded the occupational-health profile of the radiology workforce. Diagnostic radiologists now spend prolonged periods at PACS workstations; radiographers and reporting staff work in display-dependent environments; sonographers are exposed to sustained scanning postures and forceful transducer use; and interventional radiology teams face procedural ergonomic stressors related to standing posture, monitor position, table height, and personal protective equipment. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on musculoskeletal strain, digital eye strain, environmental design, circadian disruption, burnout, and emerging effects of artificial intelligence in radiology work environments. The available evidence is largely cross-sectional, survey-based, or extrapolated from broader occupational-health literature, with fewer longitudinal or intervention studies. Accordingly, causal claims should be interpreted cautiously. We propose a broader occupational-safety framework in which radiation protection is preserved while ergonomic, visual, environmental, organizational, and cognitive risks are addressed as complementary priorities. Practical interventions include evidence-informed workstation configuration, diagnostic display standards, sonography-specific ergonomic practices, interventional suite optimization, structured microbreaks, daylight-aware reading-room design, and institutional strategies to reduce excessive workload and burnout. Future research should evaluate whether these interventions improve health outcomes, diagnostic performance, absenteeism, retention, and long-term professional sustainability.

Minibeam radiotherapy (MBRT) is a form of spatially fractionated radiation therapy that uses arrays of submillimetric beamlets to generate highly heterogeneous dose distributions composed of alternating high-dose peaks and low-dose valleys. A growing body of preclinical evidence demonstrates that MBRT can maintain, and in some cases improve, tumor control while markedly reducing normal tissue toxicity. Beyond its physical characteristics, MBRT induces distinct biological responses, including vascular modulation, immune activation, redox signaling, and intercellular communication, supporting its characterization as a biologically distinct irradiation paradigm rather than a simple dosimetric optimization strategy. Despite these promising findings, important challenges remain for mainstream clinical implementation. Conventional dosimetry protocols and treatment planning systems are not designed to resolve submillimetric dose patterns, requiring high-resolution detectors, biologically meaningful dose metrics, and Monte Carlo-based planning approaches. In addition, inconsistent definitions of key parameters such as peak dose, valley dose, and peak-to-valley dose ratio (PVDR) limit reproducibility and comparison across studies. Considerations related to motion and delivery accuracy may also become relevant in certain applications, particularly for extracranial treatments, where preservation of the intended spatial dose modulation may influence therapeutic outcomes. Recent veterinary studies, early human applications, and expanding preclinical evidence continue to support MBRT as a promising strategy for widening the therapeutic window of radiotherapy.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Positron emission tomography (PET) enables non-invasive imaging of cardiovascular biology at the molecular level, providing insights into pathological processes that precede structural changes detectable by conventional imaging. While conventional PET has been used to investigate isolated cardiac pathologies, its short axial field-of-view (SAFOV) limits the exploration of multi-organ axes influencing cardiovascular disease. The advent of total-body PET systems represents a major advancement in molecular imaging, providing enhanced sensitivities with associated reductions in radiotracer dosing and acquisition times. Furthermore, long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) scanners enable simultaneous assessment of disease activity across the whole cardiovascular and multi-organ systems, facilitating the assessment of organ interactions and network analyses. The aim of this review is to explore the current uses of PET in the imaging of cardiovascular disease and to postulate how integration of total-body PET systems may enhance mechanistic understanding of these pathologies and provide new insights into their treatment.

Radiation segmentectomy (RS) utilizing Yttrium-90 (Y90) microspheres has emerged as a highly effective, minimally invasive locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly in early-stage disease. This precision treatment delivers ablative radiation doses directly to the tumor and its immediate surrounding parenchyma, thereby minimizing systemic toxicity and preserving healthy liver tissue. RS consistently demonstrates high objective and complete response rates, which often correlate directly with complete pathological necrosis (CPN) of the tumor, as rigorously assessed by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria. This robust imaging response translates into durable local tumor control and prolonged time to disease progression. The safety and feasibility of RS are generally well-established. The procedure is typically well-tolerated, with common adverse events usually being mild and transient. Severe complications are rare, emphameasuring the procedure's precision and minimal invasiveness. Optimal outcomes are contingent upon meticulous patient selection, strict adherence to technical guidelines, and precise dosimetry. Beyond its role as a definitive therapy, RS plays a critical function in bridging and downstaging patients awaiting liver transplantation. By effectively controlling tumor burden, it enhances patient eligibility for transplantation and improves outcomes on transplant waiting lists. Furthermore, RS offers distinct advantages over other conventional locoregional therapies in specific clinical scenarios, solidifying its integral position within the comprehensive management paradigm for HCC.