Processed electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring has become established as a key tool for integrating brain function into the management of surgical and critically ill patients. The combined information from the raw EEG recording, processed indices, and the spectral density matrix helps guide anesthetic depth, optimize sedation, and enable early detection of states of excessive cortical depression, contributing to a neuroprotective strategy. Its use facilitates the identification of vulnerable brains, the prevention of delirium, and the individualization of treatment. It also allows recognition of subclinical epileptic activity, alterations in cerebral perfusion, and metabolic changes, favoring early interventions. Interpretation should be performed dynamically and integrated with the clinical context, as multiple factors can modify EEG patterns. Although processed EEG monitoring has technical limitations and does not replace conventional EEG, its incorporation into practice improves safety and decision-making, and promotes personalized brain monitoring in anesthesia and intensive care.

Frailty is increasingly recognized as an important predictor of adverse outcomes in critically ill patients, but its association with hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) readmissions remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies in accordance with PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251046386). PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched from inception to May 6, 2025. Eleven studies involving 1,051,568 patients were included. Frailty was associated with a significantly increased risk of hospital readmission (pooled RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.16-2.37; I[2] = 99.2%; 7 studies). In contrast, no significant association was observed between frailty and ICU readmission (pooled RR 1.55, 95% CI 0.93-2.58; I[2] = 89.3%; 5 studies). Subgroup analyses suggested that heterogeneity was partly explained by differences in frailty assessment methods, study design, and patient populations. Frailty appears to be an important predictor of hospital readmission in critically ill patients, whereas its association with ICU readmission remains uncertain and warrants further investigation.

Prolonged Field Care (PFC) refers to the delivery of advanced trauma care in austere environments when evacuation to definitive treatment is significantly delayed. Although originally developed within military medicine, its principles are increasingly relevant to civilian trauma systems operating in remote, rural, wilderness, disaster, and resource-limited settings. This narrative review provides an updated overview of PFC concepts and their potential applicability to civilian trauma care, focusing on key domains such as airway management, haemorrhage control, crush syndrome, analgesia and sedation, and telemedicine-supported decision-making. Current evidence suggests that PFC may provide a practical and flexible framework to maintain physiological stability, prevent secondary complications, and support clinical decision-making during prolonged rescue scenarios. Telemedicine may further enhance procedural safety and diagnostic capability in isolated settings. Despite the predominance of military-derived evidence, several PFC principles may be adaptable to selected civilian emergency systems, although important operational and logistical differences must be considered. Further research is needed to evaluate outcomes and support context-specific implementation in civilian practice.