This scoping review aimed to describe and analyze educational methodologies used for teaching peripheral venipuncture to nursing students. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA-ScR. Primary studies that addressed educational methodologies used for teaching peripheral venipuncture were included. The research question was as follows: "What are the educational methodologies used for teaching nursing students about peripheral venipuncture?" The searches were carried out in the MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, BDENF, Embase, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. The results were evaluated through the synthesis of the selected articles. Thirty-seven studies were included, and the most frequent methodologies were clinical simulation with manikins, educational hypermedia, instructional videos, digital games, interactive software, and virtual reality. Simulation was noted for enhancing technical performance, while digital resources promoted engagement, self-confidence, and autonomous learning. The most common study designs were experimental, descriptive, and methodological, with the use of validated instruments to assess knowledge, skills, and student perception. The mapped educational methodologies facilitate the teaching of peripheral venipuncture, contributing to the development of technical competencies and safety in practice. The adoption of hybrid approaches, integrating digital technologies with supervised practice, is recommended to strengthen nursing education in peripheral venipuncture.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the peripheral intravenous catheter biomaterial type and the incidence of phlebitis. This prospective cohort study aims to determine the effect of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and polypropylene (PP) biomaterials on the incidence of phlebitis. The study was conducted in the internal medicine ward of 1 of the hospitals in Makassar City, Indonesia. Phlebitis was assessed using the Visual Infusion Phlebitis scale based on the Maddox scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. A total of 30 samples were included in this study, each consisting of 15 samples in the ETFE and PP biomaterial groups. The analysis showed a significant difference in the duration of catheter use until the occurrence of phlebitis between the 2 groups (P = .05). However, there were significant differences in the scale of phlebitis (P = .01) and bacterial count (P = .002), where PP biomaterial showed a higher rate of phlebitis occurrence and bacterial colonization than ETFE. These findings suggest that PP biomaterials are more prone to cause phlebitis than ETFE. Therefore, nurses are advised to be more selective in choosing the peripheral intravenous catheter biomaterial type to minimize the risk of phlebitis complications in patients.

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are vital for long-term intravenous therapy but increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), a process commonly explained through the conceptual framework of Virchow's Triad: stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. The catheter-to-vein ratio (CVR), a key modifiable thrombosis risk factor that primarily influences stasis, lacks a universal definition, causing variability in measurement, thresholds, and clinical use. This study compares the diameter-based approach commonly cited in the literature with the area-based approach later adapted for clinical CVR tools, emphasizing that both gain from standard geometric relationships rather than distinct mathematical formulations. Through mathematical conversion, the analysis reveals that a 45% diameter-based CVR corresponds to approximately a 20% area-based CVR, underscoring substantial discrepancies when assuming equivalence. The study endorses a 20% area-based (45% diameter-based) CVR threshold for oncology patients and a 33% area-based (57% diameter-based) threshold for noncancer patients. A harmonized CVR reference is proposed to bridge the gap between methods. To enhance consistency and patient safety, the study advocates for a standardized CVR definition, consistent vein measurement techniques, and stricter control of confounders in future research. It further recommends developing a next-generation CVR calculator integrating hemodynamic and clotting risk factors to refine VTE risk assessment.