The history of the Eustachian tube spans ancient Egyptian and Greek texts, Islamic medicine, and Renaissance anatomy. From early misconceptions to Bartolomeo Eustachi's anatomical insights and Valsalva's functional discoveries, understanding evolved. Modern otology owes much to pioneers like Toynbee and Politzer, whose innovations shaped the diagnosis and treatment of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction. Surgical management evolved from risky catheterization procedures to refined surgical techniques. Myringotomy and tympanostomy tubes marked key milestones. Recently, endoscopic advances and balloon dilation have revolutionized treatment. Modern understanding of the spectrum of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction-from obstructive to patulous-continues to shape otologic practice.

Balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube has moved from an experimental concept to a mainstream option for selected adults with chronic obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction that persists despite optimized medical management. Contemporary practice emphasizes careful phenotyping (obstructive vs patulous vs baro-challenge induced disease), correlation of symptoms with objective middle ear findings, and endoscopic evaluation of the nasopharyngeal orifice before intervention. Randomized trials and subsequent long-term follow-up demonstrate meaningful improvements in patient-reported symptoms and selected objective measures for appropriately chosen patients, with low rates of serious adverse events.

Otitic barotrauma results from failure to equalize pressure changes across gas-filled ear spaces, most commonly due to Eustachian tube dysfunction. It is highly prevalent among divers and aircrew, with middle ear barotrauma being the most frequent presentation. Symptoms include otalgia, hearing loss, tinnitus, fullness, vertigo, and tympanic membrane injury. Inner ear barotrauma is less common but potentially severe, especially after forceful equalization. Management depends on severity and includes prevention, conservative treatment, otolaryngologic assessment, and, in selected recurrent barochallenge-related cases, balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube.

Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction exists along a spectrum from obstructive to patulous phenotypes, yet no single gold-standard diagnostic test exists. This review examines current methods for assessing ET function alongside evolving therapeutic interventions. Clinical assessment and patient-reported outcome measures alone have limited diagnostic power. Objective tests, including tympanometry, advanced manometric techniques, and sonotubometry, each offer distinct strengths and limitations. Evidence shows that individual tests demonstrate variable sensitivity and specificity and perform best when combined. An integrated diagnostic approach that incorporates clinical history within a curated pathway of complementary objective measures is advocated to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide intervention selection.

Obesity is a common comorbidity in patients with rhinologic and allergic disease. Through adipokine mediated inflammation, emerging evidence has linked obesity with an increased risk and severity of chronic rhinosinusitis, particularly the nasal polyp phenotype. Reduction of body mass through bariatric surgery and pharmacologic interventions, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, have the potential to reduce sinonasal disease burden and improve surgical outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence surrounding obesity, weight loss, and rhinology and allergy, with an emphasis on clinically actionable implications for the practicing otolaryngologist.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and obesity are increasingly prevalent conditions for which weight loss can have a profound impact. Management strategies for OSA include lifestyle, medical, and surgical interventions. Obesity has been shown to influence adherence to and effectiveness of non-surgical therapies, such as positive pressure therapy. Surgical interventions such as pharyngeal surgery and hypoglossal nerve stimulation are less effective in individuals with obesity, while maxillomandibular advancement is considered efficacious regardless of obesity status. Referral to bariatric surgery should be considered for patients meeting clinical indications. Weight management is crucial for effectively treating patients with OSA.

Button batteries (BBs) are found in many common household items and when ingested or placed in the nasal cavity or ear canal can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Initial diagnosis can be challenging as presenting symptoms are often delayed, nonspecific, and can mimic symptoms of common viral illnesses. Prompt diagnosis and removal are essential to best outcomes. Mitigating strategies can help minimize tissue damage and the development of delayed complications. Continued hazard awareness and ultimately the innovation of a safe BB are essential to help prevent these injuries.

This review outlines a standardized diagnostic algorithm for balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube (BDET) in obstructive ETD. The algorithm prioritizes excluding differential diagnoses including patulous ETD, temporomandibular joint disorders, and superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Objective tests and patient-reported outcomes help when facing equivocal clinical findings. BDET is indicated for barochallenge-induced ETD, chronic otitis media with effusion, and tympanic membrane retraction pockets after failed medical management, and may adjunct tympanoplasty in adhesive otitis media. Contraindications include patulous ETD and significant Eustachian tube anatomical distortion. Rigorous patient selection remains essential for safe and effective outcomes.

Eustachian tube dysfunction represents a continuum ranging from obstructive Eustachian tube dysfunction to patulous Eustachian tube dysfunction (pETD), and there is considerable overlap of symptoms that present challenges in the differential diagnosis. Careful history, physical, endoscopic examination, and audiological testing are all important in distinguishing between these conditions and other causes of aural fullness. There are many different treatment modalities, but none are optimal. The most common methods have a good safety record, and they are repeatable. There is a need for more randomized, controlled trials of treatments for pETD.

The Eustachian tube (ET) it is a complex structure connecting the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx. Its function is to maintain middle ear ventilation to facilitate transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. It is located medial to the parapharyngeal space. The ET and tympanomastoid cavities form an anatomic and functional unit that cannot easily be divided, and it plays a fundamental role in the etiology of different clinical entities. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully understood, and further research is needed to address the gaps present in the literature.

Glottic stenosis may be congenital, such as anterior glottic webs, or acquired, as a result of surgery or prolonged intubation. Glottic-level obstruction may occur as an isolated lesion or as part of multilevel airway stenosis. Careful evaluation is required to distinguish neural causes of impaired vocal fold motion from true mechanical fixation, as the underlying etiology can influences surgical decision-making. When addressing glottic-level stenosis, particular attention must be paid to the potential effects on voice and swallowing while striving to achieve adequate airway caliber.

Chronic pediatric middle ear disease is commonly ascribed to Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD). This article reviews the role of obstructive and patulous ETD in otitis media with effusion, tympanic membrane retraction, cholesteatoma, and perforation. It highlights the lack of reliable diagnostic tests to measure ETD. The contribution of different causes of obstructive ETD is discussed, including the influence of mechanical obstruction, inflammation, allergy, mucociliary dysfunction, and craniofacial anomalies. ETD management has traditionally bypassed the Eustachian tube, for example, with tympanostomy tubes. Balloon dilatation remains controversial in children due to unproven efficacy and safety and the heterogeneous underlying mechanisms of ETD.

Refractory chronic cough is a common and challenging condition that results from laryngeal hypersensitivity. Office-based procedures can serve as adjuncts to behavioral or medical therapies or as alternatives for patients with incomplete response or intolerance to these treatments. This article reviews the rationale, techniques, and outcomes of three office-based interventions: superior laryngeal nerve block, laryngeal botulinum toxin injection, and vocal fold injection augmentation. These procedures are safe, cost-effective, and well-tolerated in the clinic setting.