Social expectations are a ubiquitous part of human experience, yet little is known about the emotions associated with failing to fulfill others' social expectations. In two studies, we examined the effects of failing to fulfill others' social expectations on individuals' emotions, and assessed how situational factors moderate these effects. Study 1 aimed to establish the relationship between social expectation violation and negative affects in ecologically valid everyday contexts using daily diary methods. We found that in both Chinese and American college student samples, negative affects scaled with the degree to which one failed to fulfill a social expectation (i.e., violation). Moreover, the perceived legitimacy and strength of an expectation modulated the relationship between expectation violation and negative affect. Study 2 showed that the participants in Study 1 systematically overestimated the legitimacy and strength of the social expectations they reported relative to independent raters who evaluated the social expectations from a third-person perspective. Importantly, overestimation of the legitimacy of social expectations led to significantly higher self-reported negative affects. Taken together, we demonstrated the critical role of failing to meet social expectations in individuals' negative social emotions in two cultural contexts and pinpointed important modulating factors of such effects. These results have implications for interventions aiming to alleviate the impacts of social expectations on emotional well-being.

In recent years, multiple panels containing varying numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported in forensic genetics for kinship inference. However, systematic exploration of the impact of SNP number on inference performance and the application of machine learning algorithms remains lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of SNP number on kinship inference performance and the optimization effects of machine learning methods on the identity-by-state (IBS) algorithm. We constructed multiple SNP panels with SNP numbers ranging from 15,476 to 20,838, and evaluated the performance of the likelihood ratio (LR) method and the IBS algorithm for kinship inference under different SNP numbers based on simulated pedigrees. After selecting the optimal SNP panel, we validated it using real pedigrees and further combined the IBS algorithm with machine learning methods to enhance inference performance. Our results showed that for the LR method, the sensitivity in inferring sixth and seventh degree kinships exhibited a significant positive correlation with SNP number. For the IBS algorithm, although the sensitivity in inferring fourth to seventh degree kinships showed a significant positive correlation with SNP number, the actual improvement was limited (only 0.5%~2.2% increase). Based on these results, we determined the optimal panel containing 20,838 SNPs (21K panel). The 21K panel based on the LR method could accurately infer kinships within sixth degree (with a sensitivity of 93.65% for sixth degree kinship inference), and the 21K panel based on the IBS algorithm could accurately infer kinships within third degree (with a sensitivity of 86.79% for third degree kinship inference). After combining the IBS algorithm with machine learning, the sensitivity for fourth degree kinship inference improved from 69.10% to 87.66%, the sensitivities for fifth and sixth degree kinships improved from 38.03% and 21.41% to 48.75% and 37.80%, respectively.

Review of the primary literature was used to develop six propositions regarding the nature of actions of heat stress on fertility of the bovine female. The first two propositions are that the reduction in fertility caused by heat stress is due to 1) negative effects on the competence of the oocyte to be fertilized and 2) support embryonic development and death of the embryo when exposed to elevated temperature. The third proposition is that it remains unclear whether damage to the spermatozoa occurs after deposition in the reproductive tract of a heat-stressed female. Fourth, the embryo acquires resistance to heat stress after activation of the embryonic genome. Fifth, heat stress after the first few days of pregnancy usually has only slight effects on embryonic or fetal survival. Sixth, the magnitude of effects of heat stress on fertility is related to the degree of hyperthermia experienced by the female. Thus, physiological and environmental factors that control ability of an animal to regulate its body temperature during heat stress are important determinants of the magnitude of the impact of heat stress on fertility.

A comprehensive spectroscopic and computational investigation reveals how intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) dynamics and two-photon absorption (2PA) properties can be systematically tuned in a series of dicyanodibenzodioxin (D(CBO)) derivatives. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption (TA), quantum-chemical calculations, and open-aperture Z-scan measurements were combined to establish clear structure-property relationships governing their nonlinear optical response. The molecular design strategy incorporated controlled variation of the donor-acceptor strength through substitution with electron-withdrawing (Br, -CN, -NO2) and electron-donating (piperazine, N, N-dimethylpiperazine, pyrazine) groups to modulate the extent of charge delocalisation and ICT character. Steady-state absorption spectra exhibited insubstantial solvatochromism, whereas fluorescence spectra showed pronounced red shift with increasing solvent polarity, confirming the formation of dipolar ICT states in selected derivatives. Lippert-Mataga analysis revealed that the change in dipole moment (Δμ) between the ground and excited states governs excited-state stabilisation and correlates with variations in fluorescence lifetimes. Transient absorption measurements demonstrated polarity-dependent relaxation pathways and multi-exponential decay kinetics associated with ICT state formation. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations support the experimental observations, demonstrating substituent-dependent modulation of frontier molecular orbital localisation and excited-state charge redistribution. Open-aperture Z-scan experiments further established that the 2PA coefficients scale with the degree of charge localisation, with the nitro-substituted derivative 3d exhibiting the fastest excited-state dynamics and the highest nonlinear two-photon absorption coefficient. The findings elucidate critical structure-property correlations that enable rational tuning of ICT and NLO behaviour in D(CBO)-based π-conjugated systems, offering design principles for high-performance molecules for applications like bio-imaging and optoelectronics.

ObjectiveTo analyse physical fitness trajectories in paediatric burn survivors from discharge to 2 years post-injury, compare them with an age- and gender-matched control group, and identify baseline demographic and clinical determinants.DesignProspective and longitudinal cohort study.ParticipantsThe study included participants with burn injuries (burn group, n = 45), aged 10-17 years, with burns involving ≥25% of total body surface area, and an age- and gender-matched group of healthy children (control group, n = 45).Main measuresParticipants underwent standardised fitness assessments at discharge and 24 months later. Health-related physical fitness was quantitatively assessed using the validated EUROFIT physical fitness test battery.ResultsLongitudinal analysis revealed significant improvements in seven of nine fitness domains for participants with burn injuries over two years (pFDR < 0.001). Despite these gains, these participants exhibited persistent fitness deficits compared to healthy controls across all domains at follow-up (all p < 0.001). Among those with burn injuries, greater total body surface area (β = -0.007, p = 0.03) and third-degree burn percentage (β = -0.57, p < 0.001) predicted lower overall fitness, while longer rehabilitation predicted higher fitness (β = 0.50, p < 0.001). No baseline clinical factors significantly predicted the rate of fitness change over time (all interaction p > 0.05).ConclusionPaediatric burn survivors demonstrated significant improvements in physical fitness over 2 years but failed to close the performance gap with their healthy peers. Injury severity and rehabilitation duration were strong determinants of fitness level, but they did not predict the rate of improvement.

This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) regarding acupuncture. This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple hospitals in Beijing between March and April 2025. Patients diagnosed with KOA completed a structured questionnaire. KAP scores were analyzed, and path analysis was used to examine their interrelationships. A total of 532 valid questionnaires were collected. Participants had a mean age of 49.24 ± 10.53 years, with 50.19% male. Most were married (96.62%), urban residents (82.52%), and had at least an associate degree (66.35%). The KAP scores were 6.21 ± 1.45 (possible range: 0-12), 29.05 ± 3.08 (possible range: 7-35), and 27.46 ± 3.06 (possible range: 7-35), respectively. Path analysis revealed that knowledge was directly associated with attitude (β = 0.315, P = 0.026) and practice (β = 0.125, P = 0.009), while attitude was directly associated with practice (β = 0.623, P = 0.009). Knowledge was also indirectly associated with practice through attitude (β = 0.196, P = 0.023), supporting the mediating role of attitude within the model. Patients with KOA exhibited moderate knowledge, generally positive attitudes, and relatively high engagement in acupuncture practices. Given that knowledge was associated with practice both directly and indirectly through attitude, integrating structured patient education and expectation management into routine KOA care may strengthen shared decision-making, enhance treatment adherence, and optimize real-world therapeutic outcomes.