Frailty has emerged as a critical determinant of operative risk among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), particularly as the age and comorbidity burden of this population continue to rise. Unlike chronological age or traditional risk indices alone, frailty captures reduced physiologic reserve and vulnerability to surgical stress through phenotypic, functional, and cumulative deficit-based frameworks. In CABG populations, frailty has been consistently associated with increased operative mortality, postoperative morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, delirium, and non-home discharge. Despite its prognostic importance, no consensus exists regarding the optimal method for frailty assessment, and most outcome-focused studies rely on a single instrument without direct comparison across tools. This review examines the conceptual foundations, clinical feasibility, and associations with outcomes of frailty instruments applicable to CABG, including phenotypic, performance-based, cumulative deficit, clinician-rated, administrative, cardiac-specific, multidomain, functional, and biomarker-based approaches. These instruments differ substantially in domain coverage, resource requirements, feasibility, and predictive performance across clinical outcomes, and no single tool is universally optimal. Tool selection should therefore be guided by clinical context and the purpose of assessment, whether for risk stratification, perioperative counseling, preoperative optimization, or discharge planning. Frailty identification also provides actionable opportunities for intervention, including prehabilitation, nutritional support, anemia management, and early postoperative care planning. Further comparative research in CABG-specific cohorts is needed to define best practices for frailty assessment and its integration into perioperative cardiac surgical care.

Clinical electroencephalography (EEG) remains a central diagnostic tool in psychiatry. As a non-invasive, widely available and cost-effective method with high temporal resolution, EEG contributes to the detection of epileptiform activity, exclusion of organic brain dysfunction, assessment of delirium and encephalopathies, differential diagnosis of dementias, and monitoring of psychopharmacological treatments. It provides functional information that complements structural imaging and serves as an indispensable auxiliary tool in the diagnostic work up.While EEG has not demonstrated sufficient specificity as a diagnostic marker for primary psychiatric disorders, there is growing evidence supporting the predictive use of quantitative EEG features, particularly in depression. Resting-state markers, including alpha peak frequency, vigilance regulation and frontal alpha asymmetry have shown small-to-moderate effect sizes in predicting differential treatment responses to antidepressants, brain stimulation techniques, ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy. These markers operate probabilistically, shifting response likelihoods rather than determining outcomes at the individual level. Even modest predictive effects can translate into meaningful population-level improvements by reducing ineffective treatment trials and accelerating remission.In summary, electroencephalography is a valuable tool in routine clinical practice that should be part of standard diagnostic procedures. Subject to large validation studies, quantitative EEG can provide predictive instruments in precision psychiatry, enhance treatment selection and thus improve outcomes by augmenting the clinical nature of psychiatric practice.

Preoperative anxiety, sleep disturbances and postoperative delirium are common complications among patients undergoing cardiac surgery and are associated with adverse perioperative outcomes. This scoping review aimed to synthesise evidence on the relationship between these factors and identify implications for perianaesthesia nursing practice. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published between 2016 and 2026. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that preoperative anxiety and poor sleep quality were consistently associated with an increased risk of postoperative delirium. Several studies also reported beneficial effects of educational, psychosocial and sleep-focused nursing interventions on perioperative outcomes. The evidence suggests that anxiety, sleep disturbances and delirium are interrelated and potentially modifiable risk factors. Integrating psychological assessment, sleep evaluation and routine delirium screening may support earlier identification of high-risk patients and improve postoperative recovery.