Autoimmune encephalitis usually presents with short-duration neuropsychiatric syndromes, mainly behavioral with cognitive dysfunction, recurrent seizures, and movement disorders. Among them, anti-LGI1 encephalitis has faciobrachial dystonic seizure as a pathognomic feature. The two cases reported here exemplify another peculiar feature of anti-LGI1 encephalitis, which has rarely been reported and is therefore not typically emphasized. Both cases were initially treated for cardiac symptoms until the full-blown features of encephalitis became evident. The key to preventing adverse outcomes is early detection, as anti-LGI1 encephalitis is largely reversible when treated early with immunotherapy, whereas a delay in diagnosis can lead to permanent damage or fatal outcomes.

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or repetitive movements. Isolated lingual dystonia (ILD) is a rare form of oromandibular dystonia, which affects only the tongue and accounts for about 4% of all dystonia cases. This report describes two Filipino males, aged 43 and 48, who developed ILD. The first patient is a 43-year-old male from Cebu, with no significant family history or roots from Panay Island, who was found to carry the X-linked dystonia parkinsonism (XDP)-causing variant highlighting a novel presentation of ILD linked to XDP. The second patient is a 48-year-old male from Roxas City, with a family history suggesting XDP, who presented with ILD initially and later developed tremor, limb dystonia, and bradykinesia. His diagnosis of XDP was confirmed by genetic testing. These cases highlight the importance of considering XDP in the differential diagnosis of ILD among Filipinos, regardless of geographic or familial predispositions. Genetic testing and follow-up examinations are crucial for managing ILD, as it may precede more generalized dystonic and parkinsonian symptoms associated with XDP. This study contributes to the limited literature on ILD and suggests new insights into the clinical variability of XDP.

Canine paroxysmal dyskinesia is an episodic movement disorder characterized by transient dystonia, dyskinesia and tremor in dogs with preserved consciousness, yet its differentiation from focal epilepsy remains challenging and a structured diagnostic framework comparable to that used in epilepsy is lacking.

Para athletics is a major Paralympic discipline based on a classification system that minimizes the impact of impairments on performance. This study examines sprint performance differences in ambulant para athletes with coordination impairments (spastic hypertonia, ataxia, dystonia) across 100- and 200-m events by sex, sport class (T35-T38), and competition level. Performance data from Olympic athletes were included as a control group to contextualize the magnitude of differences relevant to the identification of minimal impairment criteria. Data included 5,681 performance observations from 1,130 unique para athletes across Paralympic Games, World Championships, and international competitions. Men consistently outperformed women across all classes and events. Performance varied by sport class, with no significant differences between T35 versus T36 and T37 versus T38 in some elite competitions. Olympic athletes outperformed para athletes in all comparisons. Findings reveal that sex, sport class, and competition level significantly influence performance, though overlaps between adjacent classes persist. These results highlight the need for further investigation into classification boundaries and their relationship to performance disparities in elite para sport.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis typically presents with psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. Movement disorders, when present, usually coexist with these features. We report a rare case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a 30-year-old female who presented with isolated left temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dystonia, jaw tremor, and facial pain as the sole manifestations for seven months, without clinically significant psychiatric, cognitive, or seizure symptoms. The patient was repeatedly misdiagnosed with TMJ disorder and muscular dysfunction before anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies were detected by cell-based assay (CBA) in serum (1:32) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, 1:1). First-line immunotherapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) achieved remission. However, she relapsed five months later following COVID-19 infection, with antibody titers rising to 1:100 in both serum and CSF. High-dose corticosteroid pulse therapy and maintenance mycophenolate mofetil were administered, achieving sustained clinical improvement over four years of follow-up, although mild residual focal dystonia persisted. Whole-exome sequencing and hereditary ataxia screening excluded genetic causes. This case broadens the clinical spectrum of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and underscores the importance of early antibody testing in young patients with treatment-refractory orofacial movement disorders.

Dystonia is a complex neurological disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent abnormal movements and/or postures. However, dystonia's non-motor symptoms, particularly the sleep disturbances, are critical yet underexplored concerns that affect all ages. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on the motor and non-motor domains of dystonia, emphasizing the functional interconnections and plasticity within cerebellar motor, cognitive, and sleep-associated circuits to motivate more comprehensive and effective treatments that improve overall quality of life.