Most research on human parental investment has focused on overall parental effort or resource allocation, overlooking the fact that human investment spans a broad suite of material, instructional, and social forms of investment. This array of investment enables examination of how evolutionary processes have elaborated parental care into distinct domains. Where daughters and sons historically faced different recurrent adaptive problems, selection should have favoured biases in parental investment that cultivate in each offspring the competencies relevant to its sex-specific challenges (e.g., navigating greater reproductive costs for daughters; navigating contest competition for sons). Likewise, mothers and fathers should differ in parental investment domains where their own evolutionary and life histories afforded greater sex-specific expertise. To test these hypotheses, we used linear mixed-effect models to analyse 105 adults' (49.5% female) ratings of parental investment received across 73 behaviours organised into 13 domains. Results were largely consistent with predictions. Daughters received more parental investment in mating and relationship guidance, protection, and material support. Sons received greater parental investment in athletic training, permissiveness regarding sexual behaviour, and competitive encouragement. Mothers invested more than fathers in direct care, bonding, social and moral guidance, and discipline. Fathers invested more in athletics, and mechanical and practical skills. Domains linked to adaptive challenges common to both sexes (e.g., direct care) showed no offspring-sex differences in parental investment. The patterns accord with the evolutionary hypothesis that parental investment maps onto sex-differentiated adaptive problems. Discussion explores hypotheses about the interactions between socialisation practices of parents and sex-linked predispositions in offspring.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a key indicator for assessing soil quality. Rapid and accurate acquisition of the spatial distribution of SOC content can guide production management in reclaimed farmland in mining areas. This study takes the Xinglongzhuang Coal Mine in Yanzhou District, Jining City, as the study area, with reclaimed farmland SOC as the research subject. Based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing images and ground sampling point data, three sets of feature variables were constructed: a full variable set, a variance inflation factor (VIF) screened variable set, and a genetic algorithm (GA) screened variable set. Four deep learning algorithms, namely convolutional neural network (CNN), graph neural network (GNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and transformer, are employed to construct a total of 12 SOC content estimation models. Based on the optimal estimation model CNN-GA, the model was optimized and improved by generating pseudo-reflectance samples through Kernel-SMOTE algorithm oversampling. The results indicate that (1) following variable selection through the use of GA, the accuracy of the majority of estimation models saw a significant improvement. (2) Among the four deep learning algorithms, the model constructed using the CNN algorithm achieved the highest accuracy. (3) CNN-GA-SMOTE was identified as the optimal estimation model, achieving an R2 of 0.864 and RMSE of 0.827 g kg-1 for the modeling set, with R2 of 0.857 and RMSE of 0.796 g kg-1 for the validation set. The SOC content of reclaimed farmland was estimated using this model, with an overall range of 7.53~13.40 g kg-1. This study provides technical support for soil quality assessment in reclaimed mining areas.

Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTC), including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular carcinoma (FC), account for most thyroid malignancies and are generally associated with excellent prognosis. However, a subset of DTC demonstrate aggressive clinical behavior characterized by increased recurrence, distant metastasis (DM), radioactive iodine (RAI) resistance, and reduced survival. Identification of these tumors is critical for appropriate risk stratification and management. A number of pathologic features have been shown to predict aggressive behavior, including vascular invasion (VI), capsular invasion (CI), and extrathyroidal extension (ETE), as well as high-grade histologic features such as increased mitotic activity and tumor necrosis. In the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification for Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumours, high-grade features are acknowledged as prognostically significant, and DTC meeting these criteria are classified as high grade differentiated thyroid carcinoma (HGDTC), a category with a prognosis similar to PDTC. In addition, certain histologic subtypes of PTC, including the tall cell, hobnail, and columnar cell subtypes, have traditionally been associated with more aggressive clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic significance of histologic subtype alone remains debated, as tumor behavior is often influenced by the presence of invasive features and high-grade morphology. Recent advances in molecular profiling have further refined risk stratification. While the independent prognostic significance of the BRAFV600E mutation remains controversial, TERT promoter mutations have consistently been associated with aggressive tumor biology, including DM, RAI resistance, and decreased survival. Importantly, the coexistence of BRAFV600E and TERT promoter mutations identifies a subset of thyroid carcinomas with particularly poor outcomes. This review summarizes the key pathologic and molecular features associated with aggressive behavior in DTC, highlighting their diagnostic criteria, prognostic significance, and implications for clinical management. Comprehensive pathologic evaluation integrating morphologic and molecular findings remains essential for accurate risk stratification and multidisciplinary care of patients with thyroid carcinoma.

Scabies is a contagious skin infestation of ongoing public health concern. This retrospective, descriptive study analyzed the epidemiological trends, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of pediatric scabies in a tertiary care setting in Ankara, covering both pre- and post-earthquake periods between September 2019 and December 2023. Among 848 patients, representing 25% of all parasitic infections, case numbers showed a steady increase over the four-year period. The majority of patients (95.8%) resided in Central Anatolia, and 49% reported symptomatic household contacts. Pruritus (90.5%) and rash (78.3%) were the dominant symptoms, while secondary bacterial complications were rare (0.7%). Permethrin was the primary treatment (62.2%), yielding an 87.2% favorable clinical response. Recurrence occurred in 12.7% of cases. These descriptive findings highlight the steadily increasing burden of pediatric scabies in Central Anatolia and underscore the need for enhanced public health surveillance and comprehensive household-level management in urban settings.

Background Complete pathologic necrosis (CPN) at liver transplant is a positive predictor of freedom from recurrence and overall survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Comprehensive authorized user parameters for yttrium 90 radiation segmentectomy CPN rates at explant remain undefined. Purpose To evaluate established outcomes for radiation segmentectomy before liver transplant and determine optimal parameters to achieve CPN among patients with treatment-naive HCC. Materials and Methods This multicenter retrospective study included patients with treatment-naive HCC who underwent glass microsphere radiation segmentectomy before liver transplant from January 2016 to December 2024. Treatment parameters were compared for patients that achieved CPN versus those without CPN using Mann-Whitney U or χ2 tests. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine treatment parameter thresholds and subsequently predict CPN. Results A total of 303 patients with 364 tumors were included in the study. Tumors had a median size of 2.4 cm (IQR, 2.0-3.1 cm) and demonstrated a CPN rate of 68% (246 of 364). Compared with tumors without CPN, those with CPN had a higher microsphere activity (median, 1242 Bq vs 1203 Bq; P < .03), microspheres per milliliter (median, 9000 per mL vs 7600 per mL; P = .02), single-compartment dose (median, 544 Gy vs 379 Gy; P < .001), and angiosome-to-tumor volume ratio (median, 25.2 vs 15.6; P = .02). Multivariable logistic regression showed that a microsphere activity of 1087 Bq or greater (P = .03), a dose of 440 Gy or greater (P < .001), and an angiosome-to-tumor volume ratio of 16 or greater (P < .001) were independent predictors of CPN. There was a positive association between the number of optimized parameters and CPN at liver transplant, with a positive predictive value of 74% (198 of 269) with one threshold met and 91% (57 of 63) with all thresholds met (P < .001). Conclusion Among patients with treatment-naive HCC, glass microsphere radiation segmentectomy before liver transplant achieved high rates of CPN, which was associated with optimized parameter thresholds determined for microsphere activity, microspheres per milliliter, dose, and angiosome-to-tumor volume ratio. © RSNA, 2026 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Gordon and Lewandowski in this issue.

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a genetically defined soft tissue sarcoma driven by the pathognomonic SS18::SSX fusion and is generally characterized by a low burden of secondary genomic alterations. We report a 42-year-old man with metastatic SS harboring both the SS18::SSX1 rearrangement and the BRAF V600E mutation. The patient developed metastatic disease following standard multimodal therapy. Comprehensive genomic profiling using DNA and RNA based next-generation sequencing identified the SS18::SSX1 fusion and the activating BRAF V600E mutation. The SS18 rearrangement was further confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry supported the histologic diagnosis. Treatment with combined BRAF and MEK inhibition (dabrafenib and trametinib) resulted in a clinical response. In addition to this index case, a literature review identified multiple additional SS harboring BRAF V600E, supporting its role as a recurrent, potentially targetable alteration in a small subset of SS. These findings highlight the value of comprehensive genomic profiling in SS, particularly in advanced or refractory cases, to identify rare but actionable molecular events that may expand therapeutic options.