Pulmonary bacterial infections pose a serious threat to public health and are a challenging problem for conventional antibiotic treatment. Phototherapy is a potential solution, but the collateral damage to normal tissues often limits the therapeutic efficacy because of the lack of bacteria-targeting ability. In this study, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)-targeted polymeric nanotherapeutic agent (pLAMA-b-pPc) containing phthalocyanine and a galactose fragment was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. The galactose monomer incorporated into the copolymer increased the water solubility and specificity of phthalocyanine photosensitizers. pLAMA-b-pPc can specifically adhere to the P. aeruginosa surface via Lec A in the extracellular polymeric substances and can effectively kill P. aeruginosa by near-infrared-light-induced singlet oxygen and hyperthermia without affecting normal mammalian cells. An in vivo study of the P. aeruginosa-induced pulmonary infection model shows that pLAMA-b-pPc has been concentrated at the infection site after injection of the tail vein for 5 h, which was verified by fluorescence imaging. Near-infrared light irradiation on mouse lungs could achieve accurate treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections. This work provides a targeted antibacterial treatment for nonantibiotics and accurate treatment of P. aeruginosa focal infection.

Thyroid hormone (TH) is a key regulator of body temperature; however, its role in the tightly controlled maternal thermoregulatory system that safeguards fetal viability remains unknown. To address this gap, we investigated how maternal hyperthyroidism affects thermoregulation, metabolic tissues, and endocrine signaling in pregnant C57BL/6NCrl mice. Treatment with 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) from conception to late gestation initially elevated maternal core temperature, reflecting a hypothalamic pyrexic set-point. However, this effect was gradually attenuated towards term, permitting the normal prepartum drop in core body temperature. Despite elevated TH levels, brown and white adipose tissues showed no thermogenic activation, whereas skeletal muscle exhibited selective metabolic remodeling, including glycogen depletion and increased mitochondrial capacity in glycolytic muscles, without changes in SERCA2 expression. Notably, maternal T3 treatment further boosted the pregnancy-associated increase in FGF21, while adipose tissue remained non-thermogenic, indicating a role of TH-induced FGF21 in sustaining maternal metabolic requirements. Together, these findings reveal a hierarchical adaptation in which central TH effects are overridden, peripheral thermogenic activation is partially suppressed, and endocrine signaling is redirected to maintain maternal-fetal energy balance. In summary, this study identifies a pregnancy-specific mechanism that protects the fetus from hyperthermia while sustaining maternal metabolic demands, with important implications for thyroid dysfunction and fetal programming.

Traditional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) suffer from limited responsiveness to the complex tumor microenvironment, systemic toxicity from non-specific distribution, and compromised Fenton-like efficiency due to antioxidants. To address these, we propose a multi-modal synergistic strategy to functionalize MOFs and achieve chemodynamic and photothermal synergy without chemotherapeutics. A replacement MOFs system (FHMGA) integrated with hyaluronic acid, glucose oxidase, and gold nanoparticles is designed based on CD44 receptor recognition. In the acidic TME, FHMGA degrades and is reduced by overexpressed glutathione to Fe[2+] and Mn[2+] for further reaction with endogenous H2O2 via Fenton-like reactions to generate ·OH and induce oxidative stress. Under near-infrared irradiation, gold nanoparticles exhibit high photothermal conversion efficiency, triggering local hyperthermia for thermal ablation. Simultaneously, heat enhances glucose oxidase-powered catalysis, which catalyzes glucose oxidation in cancer cells to disrupt energy metabolism and produce additional H2O2, further boosting Fenton-like reactions. Our results demonstrate that FHMGA exhibits significant anti-tumor efficacy with minimal systemic toxicity. The triple synergy of oxidative damage from chemodynamic therapy, thermal ablation from photothermal therapy, and metabolic disruption via glucose oxidase significantly inhibits cancer cell growth by overcoming antioxidant-mediated limitations. Self-amplifying Fenton catalysis, while responsive degradation reduces systemic toxicity. This work advances precise cancer therapy by establishing a chemotherapy-free, multi-responsive synergistic system, addressing critical bottlenecks of ferrium-based MOFs and providing a safer, more effective strategy for tumor-specific treatment.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved cancer treatment, yet its clinical efficacy is compromised by limited light penetration and hypoxia. Herein, we proposed a multifunctional fiber-optic theranostic probe based on a spatially stratified functional multiplexing strategy: an inner sensing layer containing the oxygen-sensitive probe (Ru(dpp)), an outer therapeutic layer loaded with the photosensitizer (ICG), and a thermally-triggered oxygen generator (CaO2@LA). Crucially, this layered design leverages wavelength-dependent evanescent field properties to enable multi-wavelength activation while spatially separating the sensor from the photosensitizer, thereby preventing signal crosstalk. Functionally, the incorporation of CaO2@LA mitigates the hypoxia-induced restriction on PDT, while the PTT-PDT synergy achieves potent antitumor efficacy under mild hyperthermia, enhancing treatment safety. In vitro experiments demonstrated the probe's excellent dissolved oxygen (DO) sensing performance, featuring a high resolution of 0.12 mg/L, a rapid response time of 1 s, and efficient ROS generation. Subsequently, the probe demonstrated dual functionality in vivo within a murine model, allowing pointwise identification of intratumoral hypoxic heterogeneity through DO sensing, while achieving complete inhibition of tumor growth. This study provides a new paradigm for the functional integration and efficacy enhancement of fiber-optic theranostics for in situ oncology, holding significant potential to advance the clinical translation of fiber-mediated phototherapies.

This study presents an echo-stretching-based ultrasound technique for estimating temperature rise during hyperthermia therapy, eliminating the need for low-pass filtering and gradient computation used in conventional methods. The algorithm was evaluated using multiphysics simulations for thermal gradient of 0-0.1 °C using consecutive frames, and 0-6 °C using initial frame as reference. Inadequate up-sampling of radio frequency (RF) beamformed data resulted in spikes in the temperature estimates on echo stretching, which was reduced using adaptive up-sampling and median filtering. The average temperature estimation error relative to the peak temperature rise was less than 5% for 6 °C temperature gradient using 10λ sliding window, where, λ is the wavelength of ultrasound excitation in soft tissue. Window length of 40λ could resolve temperature gradient < 0.1 °C at the cost of spatial resolution. Axial resolution of 2.5 to 5 mm was achieved in hyperthermia temperature rise of 6 °C. Temperature estimation deteriorated with decline in signal to noise ratio (SNR) and depth. Experimental verification of echo stretching algorithm is tissue mimicking phantom and ex-vivo bovine tissues subjected to microwave hyperthermia at 434 MHz for 6 minutes using water loaded microstrip patch antenna indicated estimation error < 5 and 20% in phantoms and heterogeneous ex-vivo tissues, respectively. It is concluded that temperature rise estimated using the echo stretching of ultrasound RF data could be used for microwave hyperthermia treatment monitoring.

Inflammation-driven diseases are characterized by localized oxidative stress, acidosis, and hyperthermia-microenvironmental features that often compromise the effectiveness of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies due to poor site selectivity and uncontrolled systemic exposure. In this context, the present study provides an exclusively in silico investigation of an inflammation-responsive drug delivery concept based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) encapsulation of a redox-active vanadium complex, VO-INAP-tryptophan. Leveraging the supramolecular host-guest properties of β-CD, the computational model explores a system designed to remain stable under physiological conditions while undergoing selective destabilization within the pathological microenvironment of inflamed tissues. Two plausible inclusion modes of the vanadium complex within the β-CD cavity were systematically evaluated under simulated inflammatory conditions, including acidic pH, increased dielectric constant, and elevated temperature. Frontier molecular orbital analysis and global reactivity descriptors were used to examine how variations in electronic structure, thermodynamic stability, and chemical reactivity influence encapsulation strength and release propensity. The results identify a specific inclusion conformation particularly susceptible to solvent competition and electronic destabilization, indicating a favorable pathway for site-selective release. Component-resolved electronic analysis highlights the complementary roles of the vanadium center and the tryptophan ligand in modulating redox behavior and potential anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, this study provides computational insights that may inform a mechanistic framework for designing inflammation-responsive supramolecular delivery systems and suggests the potential of β-cyclodextrin architectures for optimizing the therapeutic performance of redox-active metal complexes, pending experimental validation.

Nanozymes have significant potential in human health applications. However, their use in tumor therapy has been restricted by limitations in tumor targeting and retention. Here, we report a 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)-loaded BSA-palladium nanozyme (FBP) for synergistic treatment of colorectal cancer. The FBP nanozyme was fabricated by conjugation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil, followed by thermal reduction-mediated precipitation of palladium nanozymes. The BSA shell enhanced biocompatibility and promoted tumor-targeted accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The FBP nanozyme exhibited both oxidase- and peroxidase-like properties, generating abundant reactive oxygen species to induce tumor cell death. Furthermore, FBP achieved efficient photothermal conversion under 808 nm laser irradiation, triggering 5-fluorouracil release and suppressing tumor growth by hyperthermia. This FBP-mediated photothermal ability was effective in eliminating tumors with negligible systemic toxicity. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of this novel nanozyme in combined photothermal treatment for colorectal cancer.

Topical treatment remains the standard for radiation-induced dermatitis, which affects approximately 95% of radiotherapy patients. However, the robust skin barrier significantly restricts transdermal drug permeability, compromising therapeutic efficacy. Here we show a NIR-Ⅱ light and endogenous H2O2 dual-propelled Janus nanomotor (Au-hSiO2-Pt-TA), which enhances skin permeability by a factor of 12.8 compared with passive nanoparticles. By leveraging the synergistic advantages of self-thermophoresis and self-electrophoresis, these motors enable non-invasive, deep penetration through directional movement. Intriguingly, we find that NIR-II-induced hyperthermia (~ 45 °C) triggers neuro-immune regulation via the CGRP-RAMP1 axis, which suppresses inflammatory cell recruitment and migration while polarizing macrophages toward a pro-repair phenotype, thereby alleviating radiation-induced systemic inflammatory responses. Additionally, tannic acid loaded on the nanomotors functions as an efficient ROS scavenger, further mitigating radiation-induced oxidative stress. Overall, the movable nanomotors offer a potent strategy for RD and demonstrate high efficacy through combined neuro-immunoregulation and ROS scavenging.

Hyperthermia-mediated drug delivery offers a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Thermosensitive liposomes (TSLs) release their therapeutic payload in response to elevated temperature, enabling targeted delivery to tumor tissues. Here we introduce a hybrid multiscale model based on a Krogh cylinder approach to describe temperature-sensitive liposome transport and drug release in tumor tissue. Spatial transport of liposomes and released drug in the vascular and interstitial domains is described by one-dimensional (1D) transport equations, while intracellular drug internalization is represented by local compartmental (0D) kinetics. The model incorporates key physiological processes including blood flow, passive transvascular diffusion of liposomes, interstitial diffusion of released drug, and cellular uptake via receptor binding and internalization. The temperature field is calculated using the Pennes' bioheat equation, and its effects on physiological parameters-such as permeability, diffusivity, and blood velocity-are incorporated via temperature-dependent functions. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify dominant transport parameters. Microvascular permeability, tissue diffusivity and Krogh cylinder radius were identified as the most influential parameters affecting drug delivery. Simulation results revealed that a 30-min preheating phase prior to drug administration significantly enhances treatment efficacy, increasing internalized doxorubicin concentrations by 29.4% while maintaining a low probability (5%) of tissue necrosis. This compact and computationally efficient model provides an effective framework for designing and optimizing hyperthermia-assisted chemotherapy. Its computational efficiency and physiological detail make it specifically suitable for use in treatment planning and real-time therapeutic decision-making in solid tumors.

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious neoplasm of goats for which early antemortem diagnosis remains challenging under field conditions. This study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of infrared nasal thermography for detecting the disease using histopathology as the reference standard. Eighty-six goats from a dairy herd with confirmed enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma were examined by infrared thermography one day prior to slaughter under standardized environmental conditions. Thermal images of the ethmoidal region were qualitatively assessed for asymmetry or focal hyperthermia. Following slaughter, all heads underwent systematic necropsy and bilateral histopathological examination. Twenty-three goats (26.7%) were histologically confirmed as positive with confirmation by RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) from tissue samples. Infrared thermography showed a sensitivity of 82.6% and a specificity of 90.5%, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 88.4%. Positive and negative predictive values were 76.0% and 93.4%, respectively. Agreement between thermography and histopathology was substantial (Cohen's κ = 0.711; p < 0.001). Although thermography did not achieve the specificity of macroscopic post-mortem examination, its non-invasive and rapid nature supports its potential as a preliminary complementary antemortem screening approach, although its applicability at herd level requires validation in broader and more representative populations.

Background/Objectives: Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools for biomedical imaging, targeted drug delivery, and hyperthermia therapy. Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is among the most promising technologies built around its properties: a radiation-free, quantitative tomographic modality that detects superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) directly against a biologically silent background. This review synthesizes MPI's physical principles, nanoparticle design strategies, and preclinical applications within the broader landscape of magnetic material engineering for biomedical use. Methods: A systematic review was conducted covering MPI signal generation and image reconstruction, nanoparticle core synthesis and surface coating approaches, and preclinical applications, spanning cell tracking, oncological imaging, vascular perfusion, neuroimaging, and MPI-guided theranostics. Studies were selected to provide quantitative benchmarks and direct comparisons with competing modalities where available. Results: MPI delivers signal-to-background ratios above 1000:1, iron-mass linearity at R[2] ≥ 0.99, regardless of tissue depth, and acquisition rates up to 46 volumes per second. Tracer architecture-encompassing single-core particles, multicore nanoflowers, and stimuli-responsive cluster designs-is the primary determinant of sensitivity, environmental robustness, and theranostic capability. Preclinical results include detection of cell populations in the low thousands, earlier ischaemia identification than diffusion-weighted MRI, real-time drug release quantification, and spatially confined tumour hyperthermia. Three translational bottlenecks are identified: the absence of a clinically approved tracer with optimal relaxation dynamics, hardware performance losses when scaling to human-bore systems, and overestimation of passive tumour accumulation in murine models. Conclusions: MPI illustrates how progress in magnetic material design directly expands clinical imaging and theranostic possibilities. Successful translation will require indication-driven, interdisciplinary development that integrates materials science, scanner engineering, and regulatory strategy in parallel.