Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious disease, typically causing haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. The myocardial form, though well-documented historically, is now rare in vaccinated canine populations. This case report describes the first confirmed outbreak of acute parvoviral myocarditis in one-day-old German shepherd puppies in Iran. A litter of six neonates from a reportedly vaccinated primiparous bitch presented with acute lethargy, refusal to nurse, hypothermia and respiratory distress. Despite supportive medical care, all puppies died within hours. Postmortem examination revealed cardiomegaly with pale myocardial streaks, pulmonary consolidation and thymic haemorrhage. Histopathological analysis of heart tissue identified lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on cardiac tissue confirmed the presence of CPV. This case underscores that the cardiac form of CPV remains a threat to neonates, likely due to in utero or perinatal infection in the absence of maternal immunity. This case also serves as a reminder that CPV myocarditis can have a delayed clinical course, with heart failure and death occurring weeks to months after initial infection. Although CPV myocarditis can have a delayed clinical course, with heart failure and death occurring weeks to months after initial infection, this case underscores that the cardiac form of CPV remains a threat to neonates, likely due to in utero or perinatal infection in the absence of maternal immunity. It highlights the critical importance of ensuring complete and timely vaccination of breeding bitches and the need for vigilance regarding this rare but fatal manifestation of CPV.

Backgroud: Hypothermia is a frequent adverse event during continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) and is associated with clinically relevant complications. However, evidence regarding its predictors remains limited. We aimed to develop a clinical prediction score to facilitate early risk stratification and targeted preventive management.

We present a case report of an infant diagnosed with a pathogenic de novo variant in KCNJ11 (Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 11), associated with both transient and permanent neonatal diabetes. This patient is one of the earliest diagnosed and genetically confirmed patients with neonatal diabetes. Early detection is key, and this case report emphasizes the need for early consideration of rapid whole-genome sequencing as an option for diagnosis to significantly improve patient outcomes.

Many infants with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are treated with therapeutic hypothermia despite the lack of robust preclinical and clinical data that hypothermia is safe and effective. The aim of this study was to determine if hypothermia is neuroprotective after mild hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Chronically instrumented near-term fetal sheep (0.85 gestation) were randomised to sham control (n=8) or to HI induced by 10 minutes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion followed by normothermia (HI-normothermia, n=8) or 72 h of hypothermia started 6 h after the end of HI (HI-hypothermia, n=8) and recovered for 7 days. Mild HI was associated with reduced electroencephalographic power compared with sham controls until 78 h after HI. HI was associated with a loss of neurons and an increase in microglia within the hippocampus, while HI-hypothermia restored numbers of neurons and microglia back to sham control. There was no difference in the number of total oligodendrocytes between groups. HI-hypothermia was associated with a significant decrease in mature oligodendrocyte number and myelin basic protein area fraction compared with sham control, despite no change in HI-normothermia. Hypothermia for 72 h is significantly neuroprotective within the hippocampus but potentially delays white matter maturation when started 6 h after mild HI.

Pediatric patients are not simply small adults; pediatric neurosurgical care requires specific considerations based on developmental anatomy, physiology, and psychosocial contexts. This review summarizes the practical points frequently encountered by early career neurosurgeons, focusing on clinical assessment, imaging, and perioperative management. Clinical presentation varies markedly with age: infants often exhibit nonspecific signs, such as poor feeding, irritability, or progressive head enlargement, whereas school-aged children may report headaches, nausea, gait disturbance, or behavioral changes. Imaging should prioritize low invasiveness and radiation exposure. MRI is preferred when feasible; however, sedation is often required in infants and young children, and safe practice should follow the established recommendations regarding fasting, airway risk assessment, and monitoring. Perioperative management includes weight-based fluid and medication dosing, judicious prophylactic antibiotics, and meticulous intraoperative care. Particular attention is required to prevent hypothermia, airway complications during positioning, pressure injuries, adhesive-related skin damage, and head-fixation-related complications in patients with thin cranial bones. Finally, building trust with caregivers is essential. Clinicians should recognize the profound burden of discussions about diagnosis and surgery and continuously refine their communication skills to deliver bad news.