An intraosseous pneumatocyst is a gas-containing cystic bone lesion that is not associated with infection or bone necrosis due to vertebral compression fracture. The most common sites are the pelvis and spine, but it is reported rarely in other sites. To our knowledge, only two cases of intraosseous pneumatocyst in the scapula have been reported. Herein, we report two cases of intraosseous pneumatocyst of the scapula, in a 41-year-old woman and a 51-year-old man. Neither patient had shoulder symptoms, and the lesions were found incidentally during imaging studies. Plain X-rays revealed cystic lesions with sclerotic rims, located from the scapular neck to the glenoid, adjacent to the shoulder joint. Plain X-rays of the 51-year-old male patient showed osteoarthritis of the shoulder, including joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation. CT was used for diagnosis in both cases. The patients remained pain-free throughout the follow-up period (10 years and 6 months, respectively). Their lesion sizes were unchanged, and radiolucency was reduced at the final follow-up. The shoulder joint has the largest range of motion in the human body; thus, the vacuum phenomenon may occur when the shoulder is elevated or externally rotated. We speculate that gas was produced in an intraosseous ganglion or subchondral cyst, the likely pre-existing lesions, after the vacuum phenomenon occurred in the shoulder joints of these patients.

Evidence-based strategies to optimize recovery following secondary (revision) rhinoplasty are detailed herein. We emphasize a holistic, proactive approach that encompasses the entire surgical process, from patient selection to preoperative optimization of sleep and nutrition, to postoperative adjuncts to support healing. The review highlights intraoperative techniques to improve outcomes, as well as postoperative protocols to manage pain, edema, ecchymosis, and scarring using both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods. Successful revision rhinoplasty hinges as much on meticulous planning and patient management as surgical technique.

Robotic surgery has changed pediatric urology more and more by giving pediatric urologists less invasive options for complicated reconstructive surgeries. Thanks to advances in technology, pediatric urologists can now execute procedures with better dexterity, 3-dimensional visibility, and accuracy. These are especially important for congenital malformations that need precise dissection. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty is now the most prevalent technique. It boasts success rates that are similar to those of open surgery and benefits including less pain, shorter hospital stays, and better appearance. Robotic ureteral reimplantation is also a safe and successful alternative to open repair for vesicoureteral reflux and primary obstructive megaureter, although it takes longer to learn how to do it. More and more often, complex surgeries like heminephrectomy, augmentation ileocystoplasty, Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy, and bladder neck reconstruction are being done with robots, and the results are looking excellent. Robotic methods in pediatric uro-oncology are changing, but it's important to choose patients carefully because of worries about tumor spilling. Robotic surgery is a useful technique in pediatric urology because it is more precise, comfortable, and quick to recover from, even if it costs more and takes longer to do. As robotic surgery becomes more common and its technology improves, it is likely to become a major part of both simple and complicated pediatric urology treatments in the future.

This boy in mid childhood presented with a sudden, excruciating occipital headache following a week of progressive gait unsteadiness and neck-accentuated meningeal pain. CT demonstrated tetraventricular haemorrhage with early obstructive hydrocephalus and perimesencephalic subarachnoid blood. CT angiography/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography revealed a cervicomedullary perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (PMAVF) supplied by the anterior and posterior spinal arteries with a single venous pouch aneurysm at C3-4. Emergency external ventricular drain (EVD) placement was performed. Definitive endovascular cure was achieved 72 hours later using simultaneous bilateral micro-catheterisation of the venous pouch and 'parallel' coiling under multimodality neuromonitoring, completely occluding the shunt while preserving spinal arterial flow. The patient recovered without any neurological deficit, the EVD was gradually weaned over the first 5 postoperative days and removed without clinical or radiological difficulty, and the 12-week MRI/MRA confirmed complete occlusion; at that time, he had returned fully to school and sports including football. This case highlights the importance of cervicomedullary vascular imaging in atraumatic paediatric Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)/intraventricular haemorrhage and illustrates that complex type III/C PMAVFs can be safely cured in a single session using a dual-pedicle coiling strategy in select cases.

Chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) is prevalent and complication in patients with head and neck cancers, characterized by mucosal erythema, erosion, and ulceration. OM not only causes severe pain, significantly impairs patients' quality of life, but may also disrupt the overall cancer treatment regimen. The complex and dynamic oral microenvironment presents a major challenge for effective OM management, while current clinical strategies remain limited in lack efficient drug delivery systems. In this context, functional polymeric materials have emerged as promising platforms for OM prevention and treatment due to their biocompatibility and adaptability to the oral microenvironment. This review systematically outlines the pathological changes in the oral microenvironment following radiotherapy or chemotherapy and discusses how these alterations impede conventional therapies. We then highlight recent advances in functional polymeric materials-based devices designed to target the pathological microenvironment for enhanced drug delivery and mucosal regeneration. Finally, we discuss the translational challenges and future directions of material-based strategies for OM, aiming to inform the development of more precise and effective approaches.