To address the therapeutic limitations and metabolic toxicity associated with conventional nanocarriers, a nanostructure using an "MOF-in-MOF" strategy was engineered. The comprises an olsalazine (Olsa)-based copper metal-organic framework (Olsa-MOF) that integrates intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties and enhanced chemodynamic performance. This Olsa-MOF template is integrally enveloped by a tumor microenvironment-responsive TK-based Cu-MOF layer, which demonstrates exceptional photothermal properties. Subsequent surface functionalization with dopamine-grafted hyaluronic acid (DOPA-HA) endows active targeting ability, yielding the final nanocomposite termed Olsa@TK-Cu@HA. Olsa@TK-Cu@HA not only overcomes the limitations of conventional nanocarriers but also offers a novel strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) through targeted modulation of the COX-2/PGE2 inflammatory axis. The Olsa@TK-Cu@HA demonstrates a superior photothermal conversion efficiency (26.8%) and robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, along with pH-responsive release of Olsa. In vitro evaluation demonstrated that Olsa@TK-Cu@HA exerts tumor-selective cytotoxicity, showing 3.5-fold higher potency against cancer cell. Moreover, Olsa@TK-Cu@HA effectively induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), as evidenced by increased extracellular ATP efflux (5.06-fold elevation) and CRT exposure. Concurrently, it downregulates the COX‑2/PGE2 axis to relieve immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and suppresses PD‑L1 expression. This coordinated action amplifies ICD‑mediated antitumor immunity, leading to a tumor regression rate of 84.0% in vivo. By integrating precision targeting, stimulus-responsive drug release, and immunometabolic reprogramming, this work moves beyond conventional treatment paradigms and establishes an innovative platform for next‑generation cancer therapy.

The deep-seated location of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced osteomyelitis within the host, combined with insufficient antibiotic penetration into bone and the capacity of MRSA to form biofilms, may render conventional therapies ineffective. A promising alternative is chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which locally generates cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals. However, the efficacy of such agents as monotherapy is significantly compromised by the hypoxic microenvironment characteristic of deep-seated bone infections. This study introduces a copper-doped molybdenum boride (Cu@MoB) nanozyme, which exhibits impressive photothermal conversion and multi-enzyme mimetic activities (oxidase and peroxidase), thereby enabling effective cooperative photothermal therapy (PTT) and CDT. In a mouse model of MRSA osteomyelitis, the PTT/CDT mediated by Cu@MoB successfully eradicated bacteria from the intramedullary space and enhanced the repair of the infected bone. Furthermore, it exhibited superior efficacy in vivo compared to vancomycin, the gold standard antibiotic currently employed in clinical practice. An increase in TGF-β levels in the bone marrow associated with inflammation was observed following treatment, indicating that the inhibition of the inflammatory microenvironment contributed to the effectiveness of treatment. Further transcriptomic sequencing analyses revealed that Cu@MoB downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including Il1b, Il6, Tnf, and Ccl2, while inhibiting several inflammatory pathways, such as the Toll-like receptor, NF-κB, and Th17 pathways. Cu@MoB has the potential to serve as a MBene-based nanoplatform for the synergistic treatment of drug-resistant, deep-seated infections, representing a strategy for anti-infective bone defect repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The treatment of MRSA-induced osteomyelitis remains challenging due to the presence of deep-seated infection foci, biofilm formation, and limited antibiotic penetration. We developed a copper-doped MBene nanozyme (Cu@MoB) that integrates photothermal therapy and chemodynamic therapy into a single platform for synergistic antibacterial treatment. Unlike conventional approaches, our rationally designed Cu@MoB leverages copper doping to simultaneously enhance Fenton-like catalytic activity under near-physiological pH while maintaining excellent photothermal conversion efficiency. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that Cu@MoB-mediated PTT/CDT synergy not only eradicates intramedullary MRSA more effectively than vancomycin but also modulates the osteoimmune microenvironment by downregulating pro-inflammatory pathways (TLR, NF-κB, Th17) to promote bone regeneration. This approach offers a paradigm-shifting strategy for treating drug-resistant deep-seated infections.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive and prone to recurrence, and durable therapeutic efficacy is often difficult to achieve with monotherapy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) offers advantages such as minimal invasiveness and spatiotemporal controllability and induces tumor cell death through localized hyperthermia. However, thermal stimulation simultaneously activates protective heat-stress responses in tumor cells, among which the inducible upregulation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) enhances thermotolerance and consequently compromises the efficacy of PTT. To overcome this limitation, we proposed a synergistic strategy based on HSP90 inhibition to induce tumor cell apoptosis while sensitizing tumors to PTT, and constructed an intratumorally injectable thermosensitive hydrogel for localized drug delivery. The HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) was loaded into mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) to form MGA, which was subsequently encapsulated within a PNIPAM/β-glucan composite thermosensitive hydrogel, yielding MGA@Gel. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that MGA@Gel markedly enhanced antitumor efficacy under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation and effectively suppressed HSP90-associated heat-stress tolerance. Notably, in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model, a single intratumoral injection established a sustained local drug depot. When combined with NIR laser irradiation, this system enabled efficient tumor suppression, pronounced downregulation of HSP90 signaling, increased apoptosis, and reduced tumor cell proliferation. These findings confirm that GA, by blocking the heat-stress protective pathway, effectively potentiates the antitumor effects of PTT. Overall, we developed a thermosensitive in situ hydrogel delivery system that enhances PTT via HSP90 inhibition, thereby overcoming tumor thermoresistance and providing a promising strategy for precise local treatment of TNBC.

A combination of rapid disease progression and insufficient therapeutic options continues to complicate the clinical management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). The antitumor effect of photothermal therapy (PTT) arises from heat generated in situ, leading to tumor cell damage. However, its therapeutic efficacy is constrained by insufficient tissue penetration and inadequate immune activation, making complete tumor eradication challenging. Despite its ability to induce antitumor immune responses, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN)-mediated immunotherapy shows limited efficacy as a standalone approach and does not sufficiently improve the immunosuppressive conditions within the tumor microenvironment. Photothermal therapy (PTT), when used alongside CpG ODN-mediated immunotherapy, may provide enhanced antitumor effects arising from their complementary functions. In this study, we developed a nanoplatform integrating CpG ODN-mediated immune activation with the photothermal properties of Fe[3+]-doped polydopamine for the treatment of ATC. Assessment of the nanoplatform revealed satisfactory compatibility in biological contexts, accompanied by reproducible photothermal conversion performance. In vitro assessment revealed enhanced dendritic cell maturation, accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production following this treatment. The combined treatment, when evaluated in vivo, was linked to decreased tumor growth and coincided with immunogenic cell death, increased dendritic cell maturation, enhanced T cell infiltration, and alterations in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Use of the combinational strategy resulted in greater antitumor effects than monotherapies, accompanied by direct tumor ablation and the activation of systemic immune responses. A therapeutic benefit for ATC may be achieved through the integration of photothermal therapy with immunotherapy.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) serves as a complementary strategy to conventional cancer treatments. Indocyanine green (ICG) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved photothermal agent. However, its clinical application is hindered by poor stability, short blood half-life, and lack of tumor targeting. Herein, we developed biosynthetic gas vesicles (GVs) covalently conjugated with ICG (ICG-GVs) for remotely controlled, visibly acoustic delivery of ICG to tumors in a subcutaneous xenograft model of MB49 murine bladder cancer in C57BL/6 mice. The resulting ICG-GVs exhibit uniform morphology (~200 nm) with an ICG loading rate of 58%, good colloidal stability, and enable trimodal imaging (ultrasound, near-infrared fluorescence, and photoacoustic) for real-time visualization of delivery. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that ICG-GVs significantly prolong ICG circulation half-life and increase AUC. Ultrasound-triggered GV cavitation enhanced intratumoral ICG delivery, achieving tumor temperatures >60 °C upon laser irradiation, leading to complete tumor regression and prolonged survival without detectable toxicity. This study provides a clinically translatable strategy for precise and effective ICG-based PTT.

Thermal damage to surrounding healthy tissues poses a challenge in photothermal therapy (PTT) due to the limited targeting efficiency. Here, we report the development of the membrane-functionalized low-temperature photothermal nanozymes M@Au@ZPC (MAZ), thereby mitigating the adverse effects of thermal spillage through simultaneously increasing targeting distribution and decreasing photothermal temperature. The coating of the tumor cell membrane significantly enhanced the accumulation of MAZ at the target site by exploiting the homologous targeting capability of membranes. Furthermore, the catalytic consumption of glucose by Au nanozymes at the tumor site results in the inhibition of ATP production within tumor cells, which subsequently downregulates the expression of heat shock proteins, significantly diminishing the thermotolerance of the tumor cells. As a result, tumor ablation can be effectively achieved at lower temperatures, thereby minimizing the potential for thermal damage. Both in vitro and in vivo experimental results indicated that MAZ nanoparticles can facilitate tumor ablation through targeted low-temperature photothermal therapy. This study informs new therapeutic strategies to decrease adverse effects of thermal spillage in PTT.

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, remain a major global health burden, highlighting the need for accurate and accessible blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Cuffless BP measurement (BPM) based on pulse wave propagation methods (PWPM), including pulse arrival time (PAT), pulse transit time (PTT), and pulse wave velocity (PWV), has attracted increasing research interest. This review comprises two components. First, a narrative review of studies published up to June 2025 examines sensing technologies, mathematical models, and validation protocols used in PWPM-based BPM. Second, a statistical re-evaluation of 22 studies published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using the Credence of Device Acceptability (CDA) and the Probability of Tolerable Error (PTE), grounded in the statistical principles of ISO 81060-2. Accuracy varied widely across physiological conditions, sensing technologies, and study designs, with no single approach demonstrating consistent superiority. The re-evaluation provided a more stringent assessment of performance: only five studies achieved CDA values exceeding 0.95 for both systolic and diastolic BP. Overall, diastolic BP estimation demonstrated superior accuracy compared with systolic BP. Incorporating physiological indices such as arterial compliance and sympathetic activity may improve the robustness and accuracy of BP estimation models. While machine learning shows promise for enhanced feature extraction, calibration tolerance and real-world reliability remain critical challenges. Importantly, the evaluation and development of cuffless BPM technologies should align with validation standards appropriate to the intended application. We recommend that future early-stage studies apply the CDA and PTE framework as supportive accuracy metrics to better assess methodological performance and inform device development and validation.

This study aims to reduce the phase transition temperature (PTT) of W-doped vanadium dioxide (VO2) multilayer thin films. We designed and fabricated two asymmetric multilayer thin film structures; namely, TiO2/VO2-5%W/ITO and ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2. The W-doped VO2-based Trilayer thin films were deposited using an electron beam evaporation combined with the ion-assisted deposition (IAD) technique. An experimental study was conducted on the temperature-dependent residual stress and optical properties of the two asymmetric VO2-based three-layer structures. The VO2-based thin films were characterized using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and an improved Twyman-Green interferometer combined with fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis for residual stress measurement. The trilayer structures incorporated a ~60 nm thick W-doped VO2 middle layer, which plays a critical role in modulating thermochromic behavior and residual stress evolution. The results show that both trilayer thin films demonstrated excellent optical performance in transmission spectra. Raman spectral analysis revealed a blue shift in the characteristic W-doped VO2 peaks, accompanied by a decrease in peak intensity as the temperature increased. Heating experiments on asymmetric W-doped VO2 trilayer thin films revealed that the critical transition temperature of the ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2/B270 trilayer film structure was significantly reduced to 45 °C. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed multilayer film design in improving the PTT of W-doped VO2 thin films. Analysis of the changes in residual stress of the trilayer thin films during heating experiments revealed that the residual stress shifted from compressive to tensile in the temperature range of 40 °C to 50 °C. The thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial modulus of the TiO2/VO2-5%W/ITO trilayer film structure were 5.37 × 10[-6] °C[-1] and 295.7 GPa, respectively. In addition, the thermal expansion coefficient and biaxial modulus of the ITO/VO2-5%W/TiO2 trilayer film structure were 6.65 × 10[-6] °C[-1] and 745.0 GPa.

To investigate the association between respiratory event-specific oxygen desaturation rate (ODR) and blood pressure (BP) surges in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Oxygen desaturation events caused by apnea and hypopnea were analyzed to quantify ODR, representing the rate of oxygen consumption. Beat-to-beat systolic blood pressure was recorded using a pulse transit time (PTT)-based technique synchronized with PSG, and post-hypoxic BP responses (peak, amplitude, surge rate) were extracted. Vascular hypoxic reactivity was defined as the ratio of BP response to ODR. A total of 95,518 respiratory events from 297 patients were analyzed. In adjusted linear models, higher ODR was significantly associated with increased BP amplitude (β = 5.33, 95% CI: 3.00-7.67, p < 0.001) and BP surge rate (β = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.22-0.81, p = 0.001), but not with BP peak. A significant interaction between ODR and hypertension status was observed for both BP amplitude and surge rate. For each unit increase in BP amplitude/ODR, BP peak/ODR, and BP surge rate/ODR, the odds of hypertension increased by 2.3%, 0.2%, and 14.1%, respectively. ODR showed an independent relationship with post-hypoxic BP surge in OSA patients. The ratio of BP surges to ODR, reflecting vascular hypoxic reactivity, was associated with hypertension.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with coagulation disorders, and coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters are frequently monitored in the acute stage of TBI. Methods: Using a rat closed head injury model, mild and severe TBIs were induced. Blood samples were obtained at five post-injury time points, including 1 day and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, to assess coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters, specifically prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), D-dimer, and fibrinogen. Results: In mild TBI, all hemostatic parameters remained largely within physiological ranges, despite minor statistical fluctuations in PT and PTT. Conversely, severe TBI resulted in significant elevations of PT (p = 0.00015) and PTT (p = 0.01) during the first week. Additionally, D-dimer levels increased significantly at week 2 (p = 0.024) and week 4 (p = 0.014) post-injury, surpassing the upper limit of normal. Although fibrinogen levels showed a significant increase at week 2 compared to the control group (p = 0.011), they remained within the normal reference range. Conclusions: While mild TBI is characterized by stable hemostatic markers, severe TBI demonstrates a clear and significant progression from acute coagulation activation to secondary fibrinolysis. These findings suggest that severe TBI-induced coagulopathy is a progressive event requiring extended longitudinal monitoring beyond the initial acute phase.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and the limitations of conventional therapies have intensified interest in treatment strategies that combine improved selectivity with reduced systemic toxicity. Photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy have emerged as minimally invasive approaches capable of achieving spatiotemporally controlled tumour ablation. In this context, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a transition metal dichalcogenide with strong near-infrared absorption, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and versatile surface chemistry, has gained increasing attention as a multifunctional platform for drug delivery and light-triggered cancer therapy. This review examines recent advances in engineered MoS2 nanoplatforms for drug-enhanced cancer phototherapy, with emphasis on how surface design and therapeutic cargoes mechanistically amplify light-triggered tumour killing. Approaches such as polymer coatings, biomimetic membranes, targeting ligands, chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids, and photosensitisers have been explored to improve colloidal stability, tumour targeting, immune evasion, and stimulus-responsive drug release, while also adding complementary cytotoxic pathways such as chemotherapy, ROS generation, or gene silencing. Available in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that these systems generally exhibit favourable short-term biocompatibility under the tested conditions and can produce significant antitumour effects following irradiation. The review also discusses key biological barriers and translational challenges, including biodistribution, long-term safety, reproducibility, and regulatory considerations, highlighting opportunities for the development of clinically viable MoS2-based phototherapeutic platforms.