Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compressive mononeuropathy. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), chronic hyperglycemia, microangiopathy, and systemic inflammation increase the vulnerability of peripheral nerves to compression. This study aimed to assess the relationship between CTS severity and clinical, metabolic, inflammatory, and electrophysiological parameters in patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to June 2024, involving patients diagnosed with T2DM. Electrophysiological assessment of the upper and lower limbs was performed using a four-channel electromyography apparatus. Clinical and anthropometric data and laboratory parameters were obtained, as well as the results of nerve conduction studies (NCS). One hundred and twenty-three patients with T2DM were included in the study. The prevalence of moderate-to-severe forms of CTS was 43.9%, and bilateral involvement was present in 21.95% of patients. Patients with moderate-to-severe CTS had significantly higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.004), glycemia (p < 0.001), and Triglyceride-Glucose Index (p = 0.018) compared with those without CTS/with mild forms. The number of monocytes was significantly higher in the group with moderate-to-severe forms (p = 0.012), suggesting a chronic inflammatory state. In the logistic regression analysis, hemoglobin HbA1c emerged as an independent predictor of CTS severity, with each 1% increase associated with approximately a 60% higher risk of moderate/severe CTS. NCS analysis showed significant correlations between median nerve parameters and those of the lower-limb peripheral nerves, particularly the tibial and sural nerves, suggesting an association with generalized diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Professional activity was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe CTS (OR = 3.5). CTS is a common complication in patients with T2DM and is associated with worse glycemic control, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and peripheral neuropathic damage.

Upper limb disorders, including carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), are a common cause of pain, functional limitations, and reduced quality of life. Increasing attention has been directed toward the role of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in the pathophysiology of CTS and their potential relationship with patient-reported functional outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected cytokines as potential markers of upper limb disability assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. This cross-sectional study included 55 patients with idiopathic CTS referred for surgical treatment. Functional impairment was assessed using the DASH questionnaire, and concentrations of selected inflammatory and angiogenic mediators-IL-4, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, VEGF, and fraktalkine-were measured in synovial tissue samples; these markers were selected based on their established roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, and nociceptive modulation relevant to CTS pathophysiology. VEGF was identified as a significant predictor of DASH category (p = 0.032), with higher concentrations associated with a lower likelihood of severe upper limb dysfunction. In contrast, higher TNF-α levels were associated with an increased risk of severe disability (p = 0.031). Other cytokines did not demonstrate significant associations with functional impairment. These findings suggest that selected inflammatory and angiogenic mediators were associated with the severity of functional disability in CTS and warrant investigation in prospective longitudinal studies to clarify their potential role alongside patient-reported outcome measures.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy and a frequent indication for hand surgery. Symptoms range from intermittent nocturnal paraesthesia to persistent sensory loss and thenar muscle weakness, often with functional impact and socioeconomic burden. Diagnosis is clinical, supported by neurophysiological exams. Mild CTS is usually managed conservatively, while surgical decompression provides the most effective and durable relief in moderate to severe cases. This review finds variation in diagnostic and treatment pathways highlighting the need for standardised care.

The presence of palmaris longus (PL) tendon negatively affects carpal tunnel syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of PL in patients who undergone carpal tunnel release (CTR). Seventy patients with CTR and tightly matched 70 controls were included in this study. All participants were evaluated for demographics, and patients were also evaluated for postoperative features. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) was used to assess the symptoms and functions in patients with CTR. Schaeffer test was used to assess the presence/absence of PL. In this study, 140 hands from 140 participants (70 patients and 70 controls) were evaluated. The patients and the control group were matched for age (P = .602), gender (P = 1.0), weight (P = .598), height (P = .105), body mass index (P = .739), employment status (P = 1.0) and the hand evaluated (right/left) (P = 1.0). However, the ratios of the presence/absence of PL were significantly different in patients with CTR [66 (94.29%)/4 (5.71%) vs 56 (80.0%)/14 (20.0%)] (P = .021). The postoperative scores for patients with CTR were as follows: Postoperative duration (months): 30.36 ± 27.48 (2.0-111.0); BCTQ symptom severity: 1.44 ± 0.49 (1.0-4.0); and the BCTQ functional status: 1.55 ± 0.49 (1.0-3.63). This study demonstrated a higher frequency of palmaris longus presence in patients who underwent carpal tunnel release compared to matched controls. Studies on the topic are limited, and further investigations are needed.

&lt;p&gt;Background. Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common compression neuropathy in the upper limb. The outcomes of operative treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome are predictable to some extent. Approximately 70-80% of patients are satisfied with the good long-term outcomes, but the remaining 20-30% benefits less or even are dissatisfied with the treatment. Moreover, in 7-24% recurrence occurs, or necessity of revision surgery due to lack of improvement after primary operation. The objective of this study was review of the literature identifying factors that affect the risk of recurrence and reoperation after cubital tunnel release.&lt;br /&gt;Material and methods. Articles form PubMed and Medline databases were extracted. A total of 8 papers were found meeting the assumed goals of the study. Several other papers were included that examined the impact of single parameters and their results were cited in the descriptive form.&lt;br /&gt;Results. The factor that most influenced the increased risk of recurrence and reoperation was younger age of patients at the time of surgery. The effect of other factors such presence of comorbidities, clinical severity and smoking was weaker and less important. Revision rates were low overall across the studies, with few rates of complications.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions. 1. Outcomes of surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome are predictable to some extent, and overall worse than, i.e. after carpal tunnel release. 2. Further investigations of risk factors of suboptimal outcomes or recurrences are important for improvement of treatment outcomes of this condition.&lt;/p&gt.

Postoperative common peroneal nerve (CPN) entrapment is a common iatrogenic cause of foot drop, and an established rehabilitation protocol is currently lacking. This article provides a step-by-step visual demonstration of an integrated approach, combining ultrasound-guided hydrodissection with structured task-oriented rehabilitation. The protocol includes: (1) real-time ultrasound identification of CPN entrapment; (2) in-plane, multi-quadrant hydrodissection using a 5% dextrose, lidocaine, and mecobalamin injectate; and (3) a phased rehabilitation program initiated 24 h post procedure, comprising neural gliding, therapeutic ultrasound, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and five task-oriented training modules. In the representative case, the leg-foot angle during maximal dorsiflexion effort demonstrated a 38° reduction (from 142° to 104°), and gait analysis showed restoration of heel-strike, push-off, and swing-phase foot clearance. Post-intervention EMG revealed reinnervation potentials in the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and extensor hallucis longus. This visually formatted, stepwise protocol demonstrates the feasibility of combining percutaneous nerve decompression with task-specific rehabilitation, offering a replicable framework for managing refractory postoperative CPN entrapment.