This multicenter, retrospective real-world study evaluated the efficacy and safety of aflibercept 2 mg biosimilar SB15 (Afilivu®) across multiple retinal diseases. A total of 1083 eyes from 984 patients received 2762 injections between March 2023 and February 2025 at three South Korean tertiary centers, comprising 188 treatment-naïve (17.4%) and 895 switching eyes (82.6%). Diagnoses included neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD, n = 611), retinal vein occlusion (RVO, n = 182), diabetic macular edema (DME, n = 173), and other conditions (n = 117). Over a mean follow-up of 5.17 ± 2.76 months with 2.55 ± 1.09 injections, central foveal thickness decreased significantly by - 47.5 µm (95% CI - 55.2 to - 39.8; P < 0.001), while best-corrected visual acuity remained stable (mean change - 0.003 LogMAR; P = 0.572). Treatment-naïve eyes demonstrated greater anatomical improvement than switching eyes (- 93.9 vs. - 37.9 µm; P < 0.001). Retinal fluid resolved significantly across diagnostic groups: in nAMD, subretinal fluid decreased from 51.2 to 29.6% (P < 0.001); in RVO, intraretinal fluid reduced from 92.9 to 76.4% (P < 0.001); and in DME, intraretinal fluid decreased from 90.8 to 84.4% (P = 0.002). One case (0.09%) of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurred; no intraocular inflammation or other serious adverse events were observed. These findings support the real-world effectiveness and safety of SB15 (Afilivu®) in both treatment-naïve and switching populations across diverse retinal diseases.

Background/Objectives: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a surgical emergency that causes vision loss if not properly treated. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is the preferred procedure for most complex RRD cases, with a high success rate. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of predictive factors and their impact on postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients undergoing PPV for RRD. Methods: In this retrospective study, 136 eyes from 135 patients who underwent PPV for RRD were examined. A robust fitting algorithm for linear models was used to assess the influence of preoperative patient-related factors on the functional outcomes of PPV for RRD. Results: Various factors were analyzed, ranging from demographic parameters, such as gender and residency, to more complex ocular findings, including BCVA, duration of symptoms, description of the RRD, retinal tears, macular status, presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), epiretinal membrane, or macular hole. Conclusions: Duration of symptoms, phacoemulsification during follow-up, and preoperative BCVA showed a statistically significant correlation with postoperative BCVA. Lens status, macular status, extent of retinal detachment, number of tears, and PVR did not influence the postoperative outcome.

Retinal detachment (RD) is a potentially sight-threatening condition that requires timely diagnosis and appropriate surgical management. In macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), visual recovery after successful reattachment remains highly variable, highlighting the need for reliable preoperative prognostic markers. This study focuses on the contribution of advanced retinal imaging to the preoperative assessment of macula-off RRD, summarizing current evidence on imaging-derived biomarkers associated with disease severity and postoperative functional outcome. In this narrative review, we analyze studies employing spectral-domain and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT and SS-OCT), OCT angiography (OCT-A), and adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT) to characterize microstructural and microvascular retinal alterations. Emerging approaches, including ultra-widefield OCT (UWF-OCT) and artificial intelligence-based image analysis, are also discussed for their potential role in refining diagnosis, supporting surgical planning, and improving prognostic stratification. While several imaging parameters appear promising, their prognostic value is not yet fully realized. Further prospective studies are required to validate clinically meaningful imaging biomarkers and to integrate advanced imaging into routine preoperative decision-making for macula-off RRD.

Background: Intraocular surgery on patients with an irreversibly blind fellow eye carries high risks, often causing treatment delays due to patient and surgeon hesitation. Existing data beyond cataracts are scarce. This study aims to evaluate the clinical profiles, prognosis, and economic value of diverse surgeries in this monocular population to guide clinical decision-making and optimize blindness prevention strategies. Methods: This retrospective study included 308 patients with a pre-existing blind fellow eye who underwent primary inpatient intraocular surgery under a standardized clinical protocol between June 2021 and June 2025. Baseline demographics, bilateral etiologies, visual outcomes, postoperative complications, and average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs) were analyzed. Postoperative outcomes were evaluated for patients with at least 6 months of follow-up. Results: The primary surgical indications were cataract (51.3%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR, 19.5%), glaucoma (15.9%), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD, 7.5%). Notably, 49.4% of patients exhibited identical blinding etiologies bilaterally. Among patients completing the 6-month follow-up (n = 109), overall mean BCVA significantly improved from 1.36 ± 0.77 to 0.73 ± 0.65 logMAR (p < 0.001). The cataract group achieved the greatest visual improvement and the lowest ACER. Despite surgical complexity and higher complication rates, PDR and RRD interventions achieved visual improvement in over 60% of cases. Conclusions: Despite high clinical stakes, timely surgery in monocular patients yields substantial visual and economic benefits. The notable disease symmetry highlights a critical window for early intervention, emphasizing the need for public health strategies that prioritize screening progressive bilateral diseases.

BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity is characterized by retinal vascular ischemia and hypoxia that lead to neovascularization, potentially causing retinal detachment and blindness. This study aimed to explore target genes involved in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) through comprehensive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS ScRNA-seq data of retinal tissues obtained from mice under normoxic and OIR conditions were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO; accession number GSE150703). A suite of bioinformatics tools was used for data processing, cell clustering, cell type annotation, differential gene expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network prediction to identify key hub genes associated with OIR. RESULTS Analysis of GSE150703 OIR mouse data identified 10 retinal cell types. These findings were supported by pathway enrichment analyses, including Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, which indicated significant upregulation of Hnrnpu, Vamp2, Ybx1, Ywhab, and Csnk1a1, and downregulation of Xist and mt-Co1, among others. Interacting proteins from protein-protein interaction network studies identified major hub genes involving Srsf1, Srsf11, Sf3b1, and Hnrnpu, among others. Moreover, the research explored how mutations of Chchd10 and Sf3b1 influence the development of the disease and downregulation of mitochondrial-associated genes, such as lncRNA-Xist, Ndufs5, and mt-Co1, which may provide further insight into their roles in the pathogenesis of OIR. CONCLUSIONS The single-cell data analysis suggests that Hnrnpu, Vamp2, Ybx1, Ywhab, Csnk1a1, Pfkp, Rho, Srsf1, Srsf11, Mt1, Tpr, Hnrnpc, Chchd10, Sf3b1, Xist, Ndufs5, and mt-Co1 may be potential target genes in OIR in retinopathy of prematurity.

Photoreceptors (PR) are responsible for absorbing and converting light into electrical signals necessary to create vision. To accomplish that, they are in an intimate relationship and attached to the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Separation of the PR from the underlying RPE is seen in many retina disorders and leads to PR cell death and subsequent vision loss. Separation of PR from the RPE (detachment) interferes with the normal phagocytosis and recycling of PR outer segments by the RPE, and disrupts nutrient and metabolite delivery, including glucose. All these factors contribute to cell dysfunction and eventual cell death. In this work, we sought to understand the importance of different factors in PR cell loss after detachment using mathematical modeling. We used known information of photoreceptor interactions in the healthy retina from the literature, and datasets for rod and cone degeneration after detachment. We also included three additional published datasets of PR cell death kinetics. A mathematical sensitivity analysis examined the impact of the parameters on the system over a detachment of 150 days and found that the parameters that significantly impact the rod and the cone population at the stages where "early intervention" happens (3-7 days after detachment) are not always the same ones that significantly impact the populations at 150 days. Additionally, some of the parameters negatively affected one population while having the opposite effect on the other. An increase in nutrient availability and efficiency of rod energy uptake were the only parameters that did not have a negative effect on either population. Similar results were obtained for reattachment. The interplay between these variables indicates that effective photoreceptor neuroprotection in retinal detachment may require multiple strategies. The prediction of these impactful parameters over time can be further assessed in experimental models and may provide guidance on the most effective ways to improve PR survival after their separation from RPE.