Crossed fused renal ectopia (CFRE) is a rare congenital renal fusion anomaly in which both kidneys are located on the same side of the body and are usually fused. Simultaneous occurrence of primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in CFRE represents a rare entity. Although CFRE may remain asymptomatic, it can be associated with complications such as urinary tract infections, obstruction, calculi, rarely malignancy, and tumors within the fused kidneys, which are exceptionally rare. Although the literature reports only a very small number of cases of CFRE coexisting with RCC, we present a case of a 46-year-old man with CFRE and simultaneous RCC detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Radiological imaging demonstrated that the right kidney was ectopically located in the left iliac region, inferior to the left kidney, with a fused upper pole. Further, a CFRE with a large necrotic renal tumor involving both kidneys was also observed, which suggests RCC within a fused ectopic kidney. Upon these radiological features, total nephrectomy of fused kidneys, hemodialysis afterward, and then renal transplant was decided.

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) consist of a wide range of malformations. During fetal development, these changes result in defects in the morphology and function of the kidneys and/or urinary tract and represent 23% of all congenital disabilities. This review aimed to highlight the prevalence and contribution of CAKUT to chronic kidney failure (CKF) in the African population and explore the current knowledge on genetics influencing the pathogenesis of CAKUT globally. A study conducted in Ethiopia reported CAKUT to be the most common kidney disease (26.8%) in children and infants. Recent studies conducted in East and West Africa reported CAKUT to have a mean prevalence of 4.84% and 8.77%, respectively. Although some studies have shown that less severe manifestations of CAKUT, such as mild obstruction, can have 70-90% resolution, some forms may advance to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CKF. CAKUT has been reported to be responsible for 15.7-59% of CKD and 4.5-50% of CKF cases in children. Various studies have highlighted the involvement of genetics in the development of CAKUT and the significant number of unidentified genes that are likely to influence its pathogenesis. However, due to the limited studies conducted in Africa, we cannot establish the influence of genetics on CAKUT in Africa.

Postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume is widely used in the evaluation of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic obstruction (BPO), yet its clinical role remains debated. This mini review critically appraises current evidence on the definition, pathophysiology, measurement, and clinical utility of PVR. PVR reflects impaired bladder emptying and is influenced by multiple mechanisms, including bladder outlet obstruction, detrusor underactivity, and altered sensory function. However, its diagnostic accuracy for identifying specific conditions is limited by high interindividual variability, lack of standardized cutoffs, and weak diagnostic accuracy for any specific condition. Recently, the PVR ratio has been introduced and may overcome the diagnostic limitations of PVR. Clinically, PVR is useful for monitoring medical and surgical treatment outcomes and disease. Overall, PVR should be interpreted as a dynamic parameter within a broader clinical and urodynamic assessment framework. PATIENT SUMMARY: We reviewed how physician use a simple test that measures how much urine remains in the bladder after voiding. We found that this test alone is not very reliable for diagnosing the cause of urinary symptoms, but it can still be helpful in monitoring how patients respond to treatment. Overall, it should be used together with other clinical assessments rather than on its own.

Objectives - To develop and independently validate risk-prediction models for three common urological conditions based on a combination of simple, minimally-invasive index tests in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) presenting to primary care. Design - A prospective, multicentre, diagnostic accuracy study with independent development and validation cohorts. Setting - 67 general practices in England and Wales. Participants - 601 men presenting to primary care with LUTS: 350 in the development cohort and 251 in the validation cohort. Interventions -Index tests - validated symptom assessment, bladder diary, physical examination, serum prostate specific antigen, uroflowmetry and post-void residual volume estimation. Invasive urodynamic studies provided a diagnostic reference standard. Risk prediction models were developed and validated in independent cohorts. Main outcome measures - Discriminative and calibration performance of the risk prediction models for diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), detrusor underactivity (DU) and detrusor overactivity (DO) using the c-index, calibration slope and plot and sensitivity and specificity of the models. Results - The BOO model from the development cohort demonstrated good discriminative performance (optimism-corrected c-index of 0.80). The models derived from the development cohort for DU and DO demonstrated moderate discriminative ability (optimism-corrected c-indices of 0.64 and 0.67 respectively). Similar estimates of c-index were observed for each model within the independent validation cohort (BOO=0.82, DU= 0.63 and DO =0.62).. Conclusions - Using a combination of simple, non-invasive index tests can accurately predict common urological diagnoses in men with LUTS, potentially facilitating earlier initiation of evidence-based treatments and improved management in primary care.