Visual impairment remains a major global health burden caused by diverse ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, uveitis, and ocular surface disorders. Despite differing etiologies, growing evidence identifies oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as a shared pathogenic axis affecting both anterior and posterior ocular segments. High metabolic demand, sustained light exposure, dense mitochondrial content, and limited antioxidant defences render ocular tissues particularly susceptible to redox imbalance. Excess reactive oxygen species induce cellular injury and activate redox-sensitive inflammatory signalling, promoting neurodegeneration, microvascular dysfunction, immune-mediated damage, and progressive vision loss. This review summarises key mechanisms underlying redox-inflammatory crosstalk in ocular tissues, highlighting mitochondrial dysfunction, Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant responses, NF-κB-driven inflammation, and MAPK and PI3K-Akt signalling as central molecular integrators. Tissue-specific responses in the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, trabecular meshwork, uveal tract, and ocular surface demonstrate how shared mechanisms generate distinct disease phenotypes. The modulatory potential of bioactive nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, is critically discussed. Although preclinical evidence is strong, clinical outcomes remain variable, underscoring the need for precision nutrition strategies and mechanism-based clinical trial design.

This case report discusses a 16-year-old male patient with a history of recurrent allergic rhinitis and sinusitis, who initially presented with left eyelid swelling, proptosis, and progressive facial edema extending from the left medial canthus to the nasal bridge. He was treated for nearly a year under the working diagnosis of chronic left dacryocystitis with multiple courses of topical, oral, and intravenous antibiotics. However, the patient developed worsening proptosis, progressive left-sided vision loss, and left submandibular lymphadenopathy, which ultimately guided the diagnostic focus toward ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) involving the left orbit. Despite multiple imaging studies and histopathological assessments, it took nearly a year to identify the exact pathology. This case report details the diagnostic journey, treatment strategies, and interventions employed to preserve the patient's vision, ultimately enabling him to resume normal activities. We emphasize that in cases of chronic, unresponsive dacryocystitis, ocular adnexal lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Early surgical intervention plays a critical role in optimizing visual outcomes and should be pursued to avoid further morbidity associated with delayed diagnosis.

Laparoscopic liver biopsy (LLB) provides a way to obtain liver tissue samples under direct visual inspection of the liver surface. It complements percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) for complex or high-risk cases where PLB cannot be performed. Clinical practices for LLB vary across centers due to the lack of international standards. To improve the procedural quality and diagnostic efficiency of LLB, a multidisciplinary panel of 45 international experts from 6 continents, including hepatology, hepatobiliary surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, and metabolic and bariatric surgery, developed this consensus statement through three rounds of a modified Delphi process. This consensus covers clinical application scenarios, high-risk clinical scenarios, preoperative preparation, surgical procedures, complication management, and discharge and quality management. It aims to promote the standardization, safety, and rational clinical application of LLB; support the management of complex cases; and facilitate the appropriate implementation of this important diagnostic procedure.