Esophageal Cancer
Epidemiology and Etiology
Esophageal cancer is estimated to account for approximately 18,440 deaths in the US in 2020.1 Esophageal cancer is 3–4 times more common in men. The main risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include tobacco and alcohol use, while less common risk factors include achalasia and thermal injury from high-temperature foods/beverages. Risk factors for adenocarcinoma include tobacco, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett esophagus.
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Citation
Bhat, Pavat, et al., editors. "Esophageal Cancer." Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 35th ed., Wolters Kluwer Health, 2016. The Washington Manual, www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602203/all/Esophageal_Cancer.
Esophageal Cancer. In: Bhat PP, Dretler AA, Gdowski MM, et al, eds. Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2016. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602203/all/Esophageal_Cancer. Accessed May 28, 2023.
Esophageal Cancer. (2016). In Bhat, P., Dretler, A., Gdowski, M., Ramgopal, R., & Williams, D. (Eds.), Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics (35th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602203/all/Esophageal_Cancer
Esophageal Cancer [Internet]. In: Bhat PP, Dretler AA, Gdowski MM, Ramgopal RR, Williams DD, editors. Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2016. [cited 2023 May 28]. Available from: https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602203/all/Esophageal_Cancer.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - ELEC
T1 - Esophageal Cancer
ID - 602203
ED - Williams,Dominique,
ED - Bhat,Pavat,
ED - Dretler,Alexandra,
ED - Gdowski,Mark,
ED - Ramgopal,Rajeev,
BT - Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics
UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/washingtonmanual/view/Washington-Manual-of-Medical-Therapeutics/602203/all/Esophageal_Cancer
PB - Wolters Kluwer Health
ET - 35
DB - The Washington Manual
DP - Unbound Medicine
ER -