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Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study.
BMJ Open. 2023 Oct 04; 13(10):e072163.BO

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the associations of alcohol consumption and smoking with the development of perimetric glaucoma in patients with suspected glaucoma.

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study of patients suspected to have glaucoma enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES).

SETTING

Three tertiary glaucoma centres in the USA.

PARTICIPANTS

825 eyes of 610 patients with glaucoma suspect eyes with normal visual fields (VF) at baseline were followed over an average of 9 years from the DIGS and ADAGES studies.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Development of glaucoma was defined as occurrence of three consecutive abnormal VF tests during follow-up. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to investigate lifestyle-related factors associated with development of VF loss over time.

RESULTS

VF tests were abnormal three times in a row in 235 (28.5%) eyes. Alcohol consumption was associated with a higher risk of developing glaucoma (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.38, p=0.037). In men, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.00 to 3.68, p=0.048) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. In individuals of African descent, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.15, p=0.043) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. Age was a modifier of the relationship between smoking and glaucomatous VF defects (p=0.048). The risk of developing glaucoma in smokers (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.72, p=0.019) was greater than never smokers after adjustment for confounding factors in older patients (age >61 years).

CONCLUSION

Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, particularly in men and individuals of African descent. The risk of developing glaucoma among smokers suspected of having glaucoma was influenced by age, with older individuals having a higher risk than younger people.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT00221897 and NCT00221923.

Links

Authors+Show Affiliations

Mahmoudinezhad G

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

Department of Ophthalmology, Bernard School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.

Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA sasanimii@yahoo.com.

MeSH

AgedHumansMaleMiddle AgedAlcohol DrinkingDisease ProgressionGlaucomaGlaucoma, Open-AngleIntraocular PressureOcular HypertensionOptic DiskRetrospective StudiesSmokingVision DisordersVisual Field TestsVisual Fields

Pub Type(s)

Journal Article

Multicenter Study

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Observational Study

Language

eng

PubMed ID

37793935

Clinical Trial Links

Clinical trial which this article describes [1]

Clinical trial which this article describes [2]

Citation

Mahmoudinezhad, Golnoush, et al. "Associations of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption With the Development of Open Angle Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study." BMJ Open, vol. 13, no. 10, 2023, pp. e072163.

Mahmoudinezhad G, Nishida T, Weinreb RN, et al. Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2023;13(10):e072163.

Mahmoudinezhad, G., Nishida, T., Weinreb, R. N., Baxter, S. L., Chang, A. C., Nikkhoy, N., Walker, E., Liebmann, J. M., Girkin, C. A., & Moghimi, S. (2023). Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 13(10), e072163. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072163

Mahmoudinezhad G, et al. Associations of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption With the Development of Open Angle Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study. BMJ Open. 2023 Oct 4;13(10):e072163. PubMed PMID: 37793935.

* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case

TY - JOUR T1 - Associations of smoking and alcohol consumption with the development of open angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort study. AU - Mahmoudinezhad,Golnoush, AU - Nishida,Takashi, AU - Weinreb,Robert N, AU - Baxter,Sally L, AU - Chang,Aimee C, AU - Nikkhoy,Nicki, AU - Walker,Evan, AU - Liebmann,Jeffrey M, AU - Girkin,Christopher A, AU - Moghimi,Sasan, Y1 - 2023/10/04/ PY - 2023/11/1/medline PY - 2023/10/5/pubmed PY - 2023/10/4/entrez PY - 2023/10/4/pmc-release KW - epidemiology KW - glaucoma KW - medical ophthalmology SP - e072163 EP - e072163 JF - BMJ open JO - BMJ Open VL - 13 IS - 10 N2 - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the associations of alcohol consumption and smoking with the development of perimetric glaucoma in patients with suspected glaucoma. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of patients suspected to have glaucoma enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) and the African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES). SETTING: Three tertiary glaucoma centres in the USA. PARTICIPANTS: 825 eyes of 610 patients with glaucoma suspect eyes with normal visual fields (VF) at baseline were followed over an average of 9 years from the DIGS and ADAGES studies. OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of glaucoma was defined as occurrence of three consecutive abnormal VF tests during follow-up. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to investigate lifestyle-related factors associated with development of VF loss over time. RESULTS: VF tests were abnormal three times in a row in 235 (28.5%) eyes. Alcohol consumption was associated with a higher risk of developing glaucoma (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.38, p=0.037). In men, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.00 to 3.68, p=0.048) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. In individuals of African descent, the risk of developing glaucoma in alcohol drinkers (HR 1.79, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.15, p=0.043) was greater than non-alcohol drinkers. Age was a modifier of the relationship between smoking and glaucomatous VF defects (p=0.048). The risk of developing glaucoma in smokers (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.72, p=0.019) was greater than never smokers after adjustment for confounding factors in older patients (age >61 years). CONCLUSION: Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma, particularly in men and individuals of African descent. The risk of developing glaucoma among smokers suspected of having glaucoma was influenced by age, with older individuals having a higher risk than younger people. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00221897 and NCT00221923. SN - 2044-6055 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/37793935/full_citation DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -